Multiple planting of soybeans after wheat harvest can fully utilize the remaining light, hot, and water resources after wheat harvest, achieve two crop intercropping in one year. The planting practice was combined of wheat and soybean in Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, the light, simple, and efficient cultivation techniques for winter wheat and high yield cultivation techniques for multiple cropping of soybeans were summarized and analyzed, at the same time, corresponding yield improvement strategies were proposed by focusing on the key aspects of intercropping soybeans after wheat. The cultivation techniques for light, simple, and efficient winter wheat include selecting high quality, high yielding, disease resistant, and early maturing wheat varieties; before sowing, rotary tiller and rake flat, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer; reasonably determine the broadcasting schedule and quantity; check and supplement seedlings, and timely carry out “one spray and three prevention” measures; timely harvest and clean up residual debris. The high yield cultivation techniques for multiple cropping of soybean varieties include selecting early maturing varieties with strong stress resistance and high and stable yield; plow and weed before sowing, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer; timely sowing of moisture and reasonable planting density; combining tillage weeding with chemical weeding, applying fertilizer while the soil is moist, and implementing rational control measures; seize the critical window period for disease and pest control and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures; remove from drying and store in the warehouse. The key points to focus on in the research area for wheat multiple cropping soybean include wheat harvest period, planting efficiency, soil preparation quality, and mechanization level. Therefore, reasonable crop rotation and good crop rotation connection were proposed; promote high yield cultivation techniques, and improve planting efficiency; strategies include fine soil preparation, improving soil fertility, introducing new machinery, and expanding the area of intercropping. This article provides a reference for achieving high yields by multiple cropping soybeans after wheat in Shangluo and related areas.

To identify suitable soybean varieties for cultivation in the Northern Henan Province, Zheng 196 as control, 33 soybean varieties including Xiangxing 166 were selected as experimental materials. The growth period, field characteristics, agronomic traits, and yield of each variety were systematically compared. The results indicated that the growth period for all varieties ranged from 107 to 112 days. Leaf shapes were uniformly oval, with flower colors being either white or purple, and fluff colors being brown or gray. Pod formation habits were categorized as limited or sub-limited, while plant types were semi-open or convergent. In terms of agronomic traits, plant heights varied from 59.7 to 113.3 cm, basal pod heights from 4.9 to 25.5 cm, main stem nodes per plant from 13.8 to 22.8, effective branches per plant from 0.4 to 6.5, effective pods per plant from 34.0 to 178.6, seeds per plant from 75.1 to 311.1, and grain weight per plant from 14.4 to 59.2 g. The 100-grain weight ranged from 15.3 to 25.0 g. Soybean yields ranged from 1 978.55 kg/hm² to 3 107.09 kg/hm². Considering growth period, field characteristics, agronomic traits, and yield, Pudou 7014, Heshu 21, and Xuke bean 12 demonstrated superior performance, achieving yields of 2 964.30, 2 942.85, and 2 928.60 kg/hm², respectively. Compared to the CK, these varieties showed yield increases of 20.12%, 19.25%, and 18.67%, respectively. It is recommended to continue regional trials in this study area.

Based on the practice of belt shaped composite planting of soybean and corn,the advantages and key points of its planting technology were summarized and analyzed, the problems in the application of the technology were pointed, and specific application strategies were propoesd. The spatial layout of soybean corn strip intercropping is reasonable, which is conducive to improving land use efficiency, increasing crop yield, and improving the ecological environment. The key cultivation techniques of this model include planting model selection, variety selection, suitable sowing, reasonable fertilization, chemical weed control, chemical pest control, and mechanical harvesting. In terms of production, this model currently has issues such as differences in sowing and harvesting machinery, inconsistent occurrence of pests, diseases, and weeds, and inconsistent prevention and control agents; in this regard, it is proposed to strengthen cooperative research and development, accelerate the development of new specialized machinery, improve the adaptability of machinery, select corn varieties resistant to soybean herbicides, strengthen the development of new pesticides, and thereby pay attention to field management and assist in achieving double harvests in one field. This article provides a reference for further promoting the belt shaped composite planting technology of soybean and corn.

To investigate the effects of molybdenum fertilizer application methods on the growth and yield of soybeans in arid areas of Ningxia, the soybean variety Zhonghuang 318 was used as the test material, a single factor random block design was adopted, and 4 treatments were set up, namely CK (conventional fertilization without molybdenum fertilizer), T₁ (molybdenum fertilizer mixed with seeds), T₂ (molybdenum fertilizer foliar spraying at the beginning of flowering period), and T₃ (molybdenum fertilizer mixed with seeds+molybdenum fertilizer foliar spraying at the beginning of flowering period), the root system characteristics, yield and yield composition, as well as aboveground dry matter mass of soybean were determined. The results showed that the main root length and lateral root number of T₁ were the highest, at 24.19 cm and 11.03, respectively; the highest aboveground dry matter mass was 2 160.0 kg/hm²; the yield of T₁ was the highest yield was 1 226.70 kg/hm², which was 33%, 11%, and 22% higher than CK, T₂, and T₃, respectively. Analysis of yield and growth indicators showed that the growth traits and yield of soybean treated with molybdenum fertilizer (T₁) were the best. Overall, molybdenum fertilizer seed mixing treatment can be promoted in arid areas and related regions of Ningxia to promote soybean growth and increase yield.

To screen high quality and high yield rice varieties suitable for production in Jiangmen, Guangdong, a variety screening experiment was conducted on 7 rice varieties, namely Meixiangzhan No.2 (CK), Zhongxiang No.5, Jiangnongxiangzhan No.1, Huahang No.82, Yueyasimiao, Huahangyuzhan, and Yuehesimiao, to analyze their agronomic traits and yield performance in the study area. The results showed that the average growth period of each tested variety was between 124 and 127 days; mild occurrence of sheath blight in various varieties, including Zhongxiang No.5, Jiangnongxiangzhan No.1, and Huahangyuzhan with mild occurrence of white leaf blight, while other diseases did not occur; the rate of panicle formation was stronger in the Yuehesimiao. In terms of yield, the average yield of various varieties ranges from 5 382.5 to 6 750.0 kg/hm², with the highest yield of Yueyasimiao, which increased by 25.4% compared to CK. Overall, the growth period, yield, and resistance of Yueyasimiao, Huahangyuzhan, Yuehesimiao, Huahang No.82, and Jiangnongxiangzhan No.1 were all relatively ideal and suitable for promotion and planting in Jiangmen and related areas.

Summer corn Shangdan1967 was used as test material, 4 treatments were set up: no biochar (CK), biochar 10 t/hm² (T₁), biochar 20 t/hm² (T₂) and biochar 40 t/hm² (T₃). The effects of biochar on photosynthetic characteristics such as chlorophyll content (SPAD value), net photosynthetic rate; superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) activity and other physiological characteristics,and yield were analyzed. The results showed that T₂ and T₃ treatments could increase SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate, and reduce intercellular CO₂ concentration, with statistically significant difference compared with CK (P<0.05). Biochar treatment could increase SOD and POD activities, and increased with the increase of biochar application amount, that was T₃>T₂>T₁>CK. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in ear leaves was decreased with the increase of biochar application, that was, CK>T₁>T₂>T₃. Biochar treatment increased the yield of summer corn, and the yield of T₁, T₂, and T₃ increased by 5.80%, 9.98%, and 16.88% compared with CK. In conclusion, the application of biochar can improve the photosynthetic performance of maize post-ear leaves, increase the antioxidant enzyme activity of ear leaves, delay the senescence of ear leaves, and thus increase corn yield, and the application rate of 40 t/hm² has the best yield increase effect.

To explore the comprehensive effects of liquid nitrogen fertilizer on wheat growth characteristics, yield, and its soil nutrients, urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) was used to replace urea in equal amounts, and compared with the conventional application of urea (CK), wheat agronomic traits such as total stem number, yield components such as panicle number, soil nutrients such as alkali-hydrochloric nitrogen, nitrogen partial productivity, etc were measured. The results showed that the total stem number, leaf area index and flag leaf SPAD of UAN increased by 31.9%, 9.9%, and 2.4%～3.5% compared with CK, respectively. Compared with CK, panicle number, grain number per spike, thousand grain weight, and yield were increased by 19.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, and 22.2%, respectively. UAN could increase the nitrogen partial productivity of wheat by 99.2% compared with CK. The content of soil available nutrients after application of UAN was generally higher than CK. Compared with CK, wheat output value and yield increased by 22.2% and 89.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of UAN can promote the growth and development of wheat, increase the yield, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the nitrogen partial productivity, with better economic and ecological benefits.

The production practice of fresh corn was combined in the Ili River Valley region, Xinjiang, its high yield planting techniques and application prospects were summarized and analyzed. In terms of high yield cultivation techniques for fresh corn, including selecting high quality varieties with good adaptability and disease resistance; adjusting the sowing date and method based on local climate differences and crop varieties; fine soil preparation, using precise sowing techniques; reasonably plant closely according to the characteristics of different corn varieties, adopting spatial isolation, temporal isolation, or natural barrier isolation for planting isolation, fertilize and irrigate according to the needs of each growth stage of corn, and adopting ecological management, agricultural control, biological control, and physical induction control methods for green pest control; timely harvest and carry out preservation treatment. Fresh corn is widely used in the fields of agriculture, industry, and animal husbandry. Its high quality and efficient production is of great significance in ensuring food security, meeting market demand, increasing grow’ income, promoting agricultural modernization, and promoting industrial integration and development. This article provides a reference for high quality and efficient production of fresh corn in the Ili River Valley and related areas.

The production practice was combined of high quality rice in the Lixiahe area of Yancheng, Jiangsu, and the cultivation techniques of high quality rice production from the aspects of planting method selection and variety selection were summarized and analyzed. The planting method should choose light and simplified machine insertion; select high quality rice varieties with high yield, high rice yield, good resistance, wide adaptability, and high stability; to achieve precise bed preparation, seed control, water control, and chemical control, in order to cultivate seedlings that meet high yield requirements and mechanical operation requirements; straw returning to the field and leveling, planting with reduced plant size and increased density, and multiple holes and fewer roots at a seedling age of 3.5 to 3.8 leaves; balance the ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers, as well as the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and silicon fertilizers, and apply fertilizers appropriately and timely; adopt alternating wet dry irrigation based on the growth of seedlings; coordinate agricultural control, biological control, physical control, and chemical control measures to timely prevent and control pests and diseases; pay attention to preventing cold damage and lodging during the growth process; harvesting rice at 95% maturity, followed by processing such as low temperature drying and low temperature refrigeration. Relevant cultivation techniques provide references for the production of high quality rice.

To establish the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology system of cut flower chrysanthemum group without (few) side buds, and the best medium formula for bud induction, proliferation and rooting was screened, the stem segment of cut flower chrysanthemum was used as the test material, and the stem segment was disinfected with 75% alcohol and 0.5% benzalkonium bromide, and the appropriate disinfection method was selected. The induction rate, browning rate, coefficient of adventitious bud proliferation, and rooting rate of tissue culture seedlings were studied by setting different hormone ratios. The results showed that 75% alcohol disinfection for 20 s+0.5% benzal konium bromide for 15 min had the best disinfection effect, and the survival rate was as high as 96.0%. A5 medium (MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+ sucrose 30 g/L+ agar 6 g/L) was the best medium for bud induction, and the induction rate was 78.33%. B1 medium (MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+ sucrose 30 g/L+ agar 6 g/L) was the best medium for proliferation, and the proliferation coefficient was 4.88. C3 medium (1/2 MS+IBA 0.1 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+ sucrose 20 g/L+ agar 6 g/L) was the best medium for rooting, and the rooting rate was 100%. This paper provides references for the factory production of chrysanthemum without (less) side bud cutting.

Based on the work practice of tea pests and diseases control, common dieases and pests of large-leaf tea and the limitations of chemical pesticide control methods were analyzed, the harmless control technology of large-leaf tea diseases and pests was summarized. With the change of climate and the increase of planting density, large-leaf tea is facing more and more serious diseases and pests, such as Ectropis oblique and Toxoptera aurantii. Long-term improper application of chemical pesticides may lead to the enhancement of drug resistance of diseases and pests, and have a negative impact on the ecological environment and the economic benefits of farmers. The harmless control technology of tea dieases and pests mainly includes biological control, physical control and agricultural control. Biological control can effectively control the growth and reproduction of pests by applying natural enemy insects and applying microorganism preparations such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana. By installing insect traps in tea gardens, placing yellow panels and adjusting their positions and quantities according to the specific conditions of tea gardens, setting physical barriers such as insect prevention nets and reflective belts around tea gardens, and reasonably regulating the temperature and humidity of tea gardens, the proliferation of pathogens and pest activities can be effectively inhibited. Agricultural control is through planting Fabaceae or Asteraceae among tea trees, applying organic fertilizers, covering grass or planting green manure crops, ecological composting and planting a variety of plants. Promoting the application of harmless control technology in tea gardens can partly improve the yield and quality of tea. This study provides a reference for the sustainable production of large-leaf tea.

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is one of the major diseases in breeding of Litopenaeus vannamei. The harm and causes of EHP infection of Litopenaeus vannamei were analyzed, and corresponding comprehensive preventive measures were put forward to provide references for healthy breeding. The infection of EHP in the breeding of Litopenaeus vannamei resulted in nutrient loss, retarded growth, uneven specification, and decreased productivity. The main causes of EHP pollution include seedling infection, water source carrying, biological food contamination, lax production management, and tail water discharge. In view of these reasons, the comprehensive preventive measures were put forward, including selecting and releasing high-quality shrimp seedlings and conducting regular epidemic inspection to ensure the quality of seedlings; the safety of water source should be ensured by disinfection of aquaculture water, proper water replenishment and sewage discharge, to ensure the safety of biological food through pathogen detection and disinfection; strictly disinfect the objects and production tools in the tank, and make full use of beneficial microbial preparations to strengthen production management; strictly treat aquaculture tail water to ensure harmless discharge. This paper provides a reference for the comprehensive prevention of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei.

To explore the efficiency of Juncao in the purification of livestock and poultry manure, a Juncao wetland was constructed. The contents of total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen in the water quality of the Juncao wetland were measured before and after ecological treatment, and the purification effect of the Juncao wetland on livestock and poultry manure was revealed. The results showed that after the ecological treatment of the manure, all the indexes of the sewage changed obviously, and the average reduction rates of total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen were 50.5%, 66.9% and 60.3%, respectively. The studies showed that Juncao has a better purification effect on livestock and poultry manure, and future research should explore the selection and combination of Juncao and biological fermentation feed, so as to provide references for promoting the development of ecological agriculture.

Based on the structured management technology of natural secondary forest, the natural forest of Betula platyphylla Sukaczev was tended and thinned, and Larix gmelinii and Picea asperata under the canopy were planted. The diameter distribution, cover of trees and grasses, and angular scale of the experimental plots were measured before and after management, so as to analyze the stand structure and spatial distribution pattern. The results showed that, after management, the proportion of large-diameter trees increased, which promoted the integrity and stability of the stand structure, and increased the productivity of the stand; after management, the coverage of shrub layer and herbaceous layer of the experimental stand increased, and the vertical layer structure of the stand was complete and belonged to complex structure; after management, the angular scale of the experimental land was about 0.50, and the spatial distribution pattern of the stand was random. In conclusion, the structural management of natural secondary forest can promote the stability of stand and the distribution of stand spatial structure to a certain extent, and improve the productivity of stand. This study provides references for the management of natural Betula platyphylla Sukaczev secondary forest.

To understand the common species of diseases and pests of Gleditsia sinensis and their characteristics of occurrence and damage, disease survey was carried out in the main planting area of Gleditsia sinensis in Zhijin, Guizhou Province by means of route investigation and sample investigation. The results showed that 51 species of diseases and pests of Gleditsia sinensis were investigated, including 18 infectious diseases, 5 physiological diseases, and 28 insect pests. Common and serious injuries included Colletotrichum sp., Diaporthe sp., Phyllactinia sp., Mosaic virus disease, Homadaula anisocentra, Trichochrysea imperialis, Euphalerus robinae, Empoasca sp., Megabruchidius dorsalis, and Agrilus viduus. There were many kinds of diseases and pests in Gleditsia sinensis, complex components, various ways and degrees of harm. It was necessary to carry out scientific control according to the harm characteristics and occurrence rules of various diseases and pests, and the main strategies included quarantine prevention, cultivation management, scientific application of physical control, biological control and chemical control. This paper provides references for the control measures of Gleditsia sinensis.

Conducting research on the introduction and breeding of wild plants has profound significance for enriching the variety of garden plants and beautifying the environment. In this paper, Sanguisorba officinalis and Achillea millefolium seeds collected from Kanas scenic spot in Mount Taishan, Xinjiang, were introduced to Changji area for low-temperature storage and germination test to determine their germination rate, flowering time, etc. The results indicated that 100 mg/L GA₃ treatment had the most obvious effect on the germination rate of Sanguisorba officinalis and Achillea millefolium, which were 75.78% and 83.27%, respectively. 150 mg/L CuSO₄ treatment had the most obvious effect on the germination rate of two types of plant seeds, which were 75.44% and 82.29%, respectively. Compared with water germination, there was no significant difference（P>0.05）. In the second year, the survival rate of Sanguisorba officinalis and Achillea millefolium were 95.35% and 97.81%, respectively. The tillering ability of Achillea millefolium was stronger than that of Sanguisorba officinalis. The tillering ability of Achillea millefolium is stronger, while the Sanguisorba officinalis is slightly weaker. Sanguisorba officinalis and Achillea millefolium propagated in Changji and related area by sowing and branching and it was worth widespread.

As a herbaceous plant with high ornamental value and strong adaptability, Viola philippica has broad application potential in gardens. The propagation techniques and cultivation management methods of Viola philippica were elaborated, and its application in garden landscapes was explored. The species can be propagated through seed sowing and division, with seed propagation feasible via greenhouse seedling cultivation and open-field broadcasting; due to its strong regenerative capacity, it can also be propagated through division. During cultivation management, it is essential to select soil that is slightly acidic, well-ventilated, and has good drainage. When transplanting, it is necessary to ensure that the roots are accompanied by an adequate amount of soil, while implementing appropriate water and fertilizer management, and paying attention to the prevention and control of diseases and pests. Viola philippica has a wide application in garden landscapes, often used as a ground cover plant, ornamental plant, and allocation plants. Specifically, due to its tolerance to trampling, waterlogging, and strong recovery and regenerative abilities, it is an excellent choice for a ground cover plant. With an early and concentrated flowering period and a low plant stature, it is suitable for flower bed and flower border arrangements. Its tolerance to poor soil and drought makes it an ideal plant choice for rock garden landscaping. This article provides a reference for the cultivation and garden application of Viola philippica.

To explore more effective technical solutions for the phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soil using fungi-plant associations, Aegilops Linn. was selected as the test plant and co-inoculated with a highly efficient crude oil-degrading filamentous fungus, Fusarium sp. shz-2.27, into soil with different oil contamination levels 0, 0.9%, and 1.5% (w/w). By measuring changes in plant growth, detecting the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil sample, soil enzyme activities, and soil physicochemical properties, the effects of oil contamination levels, filamentous fungi, and plant roots on the remediation of oil-contaminated soil were investigated. The results showed that in terms of plant root growth, as the oil contamination level in the soil increased, the average root length of the plants gradually shortened, indicating that higher oil contamination levels had a stronger inhibitory effect on plant root growth. In terms of petroleum degradation rate, the degradation rate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil co-inoculated with plants and fungi ranged from 65.37% to 78.67%, demonstrating that the co-inoculation of plants and fungi effectively promoted the removal of petroleum pollutants from the soil. In terms of soil enzyme activities, the activities of polyphenol oxidase, lipase, urease, and dehydrogenase in the soil of the microbe-plant treatment group showed good activity levels. In terms of soil physicochemical properties, the soil remediated by the microbe-plant treatment group also showed good physicochemical properties, with total nitrogen content ranged from 0.047 to 0.103 g/kg, total sugar content ranged from 0.299 to 1.412 mg/g, pH shifted towards neutral, and the electrical conductivity was higher than that of the plant group. These results indicate that compared to single remediation techniques, the microbe-plant combined remediation technique significantly improved petroleum degradation efficiency. This technique not only removes oil pollutants but also ameliorates soil properties, promotes vegetation recovery, and improves the ecological environment. Given that high concentrations of oil contamination may have inhibitory effects on the growth and metabolism of plants and microorganisms, the method proposed in this study is more suitable for implementation in moderately contaminated oil-soil environments, providing a reference for the ecological restoration of oil-contaminated soil.

Carbon storage is one of the important components of ecosystem services function, and its evolution trend and driving factors are of great significance for maintaining regional ecosystem security. In this study, the carbon storage module of integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model was used to evaluate the 10-year interval carbon storage in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, and analyzed its evolution trend, and the driving factors affecting carbon storage were detected by Geodetector. The results showed that，from 2000 to 2020, the carbon storage generally showed a decreasing trend by 0.20% in the survey region. It was decreased by 0.15% in the first decade and 0.05% in the last decade. Over the past 20 years, the carbon storage was significantly different in different land use types. The increment of forest carbon storage was the largest (0.14×10⁹ t). In the past 20 years, the dominant factor affecting carbon storage was gross primary productivity, and the single factor detection q values in 2000, 2010 and 2020 were 0.562, 0.576 and 0.569, respectively in the survey region. The strongest explanatory power factors were gross primary productivity and annual mean temperature. The q values of their interactions in 2000, 2010 and 2020 were 0.748, 0.756 and 0.750, respectively. The research results provided a reference for promoting the improvement of regional ecosystem services.

The occurrence and dynamics of Spodoptera frugiperda in southwest of Shaanxi Province were monitored from 2019 to 2022, and its control strategies were summarized, and related suggestions for improvement were put forward for the aspects that need to be improved in current monitoring and control. The monitoring results showed that the larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda in the southwest of the study area generally began to appear in early July, and the age was relatively high, usually in the 3-5 age. The occurrence region was concentrated and the occurrence area and severity were decreasing year by year, but there was still the possibility of local outbreaks. Based on the occurrence characteristics and dynamics of the pest, a special group was formed to establish the task objectives; real-time monitoring and investigation, accurate grasp of pest situation; increase publicity and training to form a collective prevention force; and carry out emergency prevention and control, control the source of insect pests and other prevention and control strategies. It has achieved remarkable prevention and control effects. However, there are some aspects that need to be improved, such as relatively backward monitoring technology in monitoring, prevention and control, so it is recommended to strengthen the initial monitoring of “migration generation” and focus on prevention and control of its quantity, which is crucial to reduce the degree of harm in the current year.

To control the damage of rodents to grain crop production and effectively ensure food security, this study analyzed the promotion effect of the demonstration and promotion of integrated green control technology for rodent damage of grain crop in Weng’an County, Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2024, including its training effect, control effect, dosage of chemical rodenticide and benefit of rodenticide control. The results showed that 8 training sessions were conducted in 3 years, and 264 people were trained in total. 3 farmer field schools were organized, and 90 participants were trained. The result of the trainees were increased by 22.45 percentage points, and the overall satisfaction rate of the trainees was 100%. The overall control effect of the demonstration area was 85.71%, and the average amount of chemical rodenticide was reduced by 0.77 kg/hm² (39.90%) compared with that of the farmers’ self-control area. The total grain loss of 56 900 kg was saved, the output value of 181 400 yuan was saved, and the new net income was 155 000 yuan. The overall input-output ratio of the project was 1.00∶6.87. In summary, the demonstration area of the project has achieved obvious social, ecological and economic benefits.

Taking the particle size of Rosmarinus officinalis powder D₅₀ as the index, orthogonal testing was used to optimize the freezing superfine grinding (FSG) process conditions of Rosmarinus officinalis powder on the basis of single factor test, and the size, angle of rest, angle of slip, oil retention, water retention and solubility of Rosmarinus officinalis powder prepared by normal temperature mechanical grinding (NTMG), normal temperature ultrafine grinding (NTUG) were compared. The results showed that the optimized FSG conditions were water content 7%, crushing temperature -18 ℃, crushing time 18 min, and D₅₀ of Rosmarinus officinalis powder was 11.51 μm. The D₅₀ of Rosmarinus officinalis powder prepared by FSG was significantly lower than that prepared by NTMG and NTUG. Compared with NTMG and NTUG, the resting angle and slip angle of Rosmarinus officinalis powder prepared by FSG were increased, and the oil retention, water retention, solubility and rosmarinic acid content were significantly increased. This study provides references for the preparation of Rosmarinus officinalis powder.

To explore the characteristic substances of aroma components in shiitake mushrooms, headspace solid phase microextraction was used to extract aroma components from shiitake mushrooms, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components of mushroom and compare them with fresh mushroom soup to determine its aroma composition. The results showed that 42 volatile components were identified by GC-MS, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, imidazoles, phenols and esters, and the relative contents of dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane and tetradecylmethylcycloheptaciloxane were 20.32% and 14.19%, respectively. Combined with the repeated sniffing of fresh mushroom soup, it was found that 1-octene-3-one was the characteristic aroma, and benzaldehyde and isoamyl alcohol could increase the delicious flavor of mushroom, which provided a reference for the further development of mushroom related products.

The formation mechanism and functional characteristics of protein-polysaccharide complex products have become one of the research focuses in the field of agricultural product processing. The mechanism, influencing factors, and functional properties of protein-polysaccharide complexes were explored. When proteins are mixed into a solution containing polysaccharides, two characteristic substances meet and produce electrostatic attraction or electrostatic repulsion, thereby forming a complex or discrete solution; the influencing factors of the interaction between the two include their own properties such as chemical composition and molecular arrangement, pH, the ratio of the two concentrations and other external conditions, as well as the treatment processes such as pressure, pressure reduction, and stirring speed. Protein-polysaccharide complexes have rheological properties, fat substitutes, gas-liquid or liquid-liquid two-phase interfaces, can partially or completely replace fat or prepare edible films and coatings, etc. This article provides a reference for the in-depth research and development of protein-polysaccharide complexes.

To understand the meteorological index affecting the drying of Sargassum fusiforme, the selected daily observation data from the National Basic Meteorological Station in Dongtou, Wenzhou，Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2019 were selected as the test data. The sum of the highest temperature Tx and the lowest temperature Tn, the average relative humidity RH, the average wind speed WS and total cloud cover TCC of solar radiation were used as the main influencing factors, and the evaporation amount E was used as the forecast object. SPSS software was used to analyze the single factor correlation, and the forecast model was established. The forecast program was written according to the forecast model and index classification, and the program was tested. The results showed that the sum of Tx and Tn, the correlation between RH, WS， TCC and E were statistically significant（P<0.05）. The established model R=0.86, Durbin-Watson value was 1.193, the model was successfully established, the prediction equation was E=3.509+0.092(Tx+Tn)－0.064RH+0.497WS－0.056TCC. According to the forecast model and index classification, the forecast program has shown good feasibility and operability in the test of measured data from 2014 to 2019 and in the trial operation from 2022 to 2024. The model established in this study can provide a reference for the drying production of Sargassum fusiforme farmers.

Based on the meteorological data from 1974 to 2023 in Fenyang City, Shanxi Province, the variation characteristics of wind direction and speed in recent 50 years were analyzed by means of wavelet analysis and M-K mutation test. The results showed that from 1974 to 2023, the wind direction with the highest frequency was northwest wind (NW), with a frequency of 9.8%, followed by west-northwest wind (WNW), with a frequency of 8.6%，the dominant wind direction was NW. The wind direction with the highest wind speed was WNW with a wind speed of 3.4 m/s. The highest monthly wind speed was in April (2.7 m/s), and the lowest was in August and September (1.3 m/s). NW and WNW dominate in spring, fall and winter, and east-northeast wind (ENE) dominate in summer. The trend rate of annual wind speed was -0.06 (m/s)/10 a, and the trend rate of NW average wind speed -0.30 (m/s)/10 a, both of which showed a decreasing trend.The NW annual average wind speed showed a significant negative correlation with temperature.The periodic characteristics of wind speed show that the annual mean wind speed has a change period of 25 a, and the periodicity of NW annual average wind speed was not obviou. The abrupt change of wind speed showed that there is no abrupt change in annual mean wind speed between 1974 and 2023, and the abrupt change point of NW mean wind speed was 1984. The results can provide references for air pollution control and urban planning in relevant areas.

To cultivate talent who understand both production and cultural literacy, the concept of farming and reading education was taken as guidance, the current situation of Horticulture major was analyzed in education model and curriculum setting, teacher resources, school-enterprise cooperation, and social services, and its practical education path in serving rural revitalization were explored. The specific path to practicing farming and reading education in Horticulture major includes building a knowledge practice integrated farming and reading cultivation education curriculum system, building a high-quality farming and reading cultivation teaching staff team， deepening the talent cultivation model of school-enterprise cooperation, and establishing a comprehensive social service content of farming and reading cultivation education. In practice, a summer “Three Down to the Countryside” college student rural revitalization service team was established, with a township in Western Guangdong as a pilot, encouraging students to venture deep into rural areas and use their knowledge to help local farmers improve planting techniques and optimize management models, to leverage their disciplinary and professional advantages and improve the yield and quality of local agricultural products. This article provides a reference for further deepening the application of farming and reading education concepts in Horticulture majors, exploring more feasible educational paths.

To cultivate new talents who understand and love agriculture, the current situation of resource allocation and teacher resources, curriculum system and teaching methods, campus cultural support and school-enterprise cooperation in the process of carrying out farming and reading education was analyzed, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed. Specifically, collaborated with agricultural research institutions to establish practical teaching bases both on campus and off campus; provided specialized training on farming and reading education for teachers, and built a diversified teaching team that complements both full-time and part-time; reformed the curriculum system and teaching content, carefully develop targeted teaching materials, cultivated students’ awareness of environmental protection and the concept of sustainable development; innovated teaching methods and means, introduced teaching strategies such as project driven and flipped classroom, and implemented the teaching model of “farming while reading”; created a campus cultural atmosphere through diverse activities such as themed lectures and farming experiences; strengthened organizational support and tracking, conducted comprehensive planning for agricultural education, including education implementation, process management, and meticulous evaluation of overall effectiveness. This article provides a reference for cultivating high-quality new applied talents with agricultural sentiment, practical ability, innovative spirit, and social responsibility.

To cultivate high-level, international, and innovative talents, the teaching of vertebrate animals parts in Animal Biology course was reformed. This course involves numerous species of vertebrates, with complex morphological structures and easily confused structural characteristics among different groups. Their living habits are diverse, making it difficult for students to grasp some knowledge about vertebrates. To improve teaching methods, situational teaching, understanding and memory, research assistants, and practical application were adopted; improved the teaching model, adopt a mixed online and offline teaching model, and added exploration and experimental design types in the field internship segment; optimized the assessment method, adopt a comprehensive assessment model, and increased lectures on topics related to vertebrates; incorporated ideological and political elements such as animal protection, craftsmanship spirit, courage to explore, collaboration spirit, reverence for life, and dialectical ability into teaching. The practice had shown that this teaching reform had achieved satisfactory feedback, greatly improving learning enthusiasm, and exercising innovation consciousness, practical ability, solidarity and cooperation ability, social responsibility, and dialectical ability. This article provides a reference for promoting the teaching reform of the new agricultural science construction curriculum.

To cultivate high-quality talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, this article was based on the concept of Outcome Based Education (OBE), focused on ability based guidance and multi-level learning, and constructed a comprehensive for Bartending and Flower Arrangement Practice course that promoted the integration of students’ moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and labor education. The key points of curriculum system construction included five key aspects: learning outcomes, learning objectives, curriculum system, teaching strategies, and curriculum evaluation. In teaching practice, its comprehensive implementation strategies included designing interdisciplinary projects that allow students to experience the integration of education, culture, art, and other fields in practice, such as creating educationally meaningful flower arrangement and cocktail making works by combining knowledge from history, culture, art, and other fields; using an evaluation system to assess students’ professional skills, moral literacy, innovation ability, and work attitude in flower arrangement and bartending; establishing a school community cooperation mechanism to jointly create an educational environment conducive to the development of students’ five educations. This article provides a reference for the construction of a course system related to bartending and flower arrangement.

To effectively improve students’ practical innovation ability of Biology majors and cultivate more rural revitalization talents with innovative and entrepreneurial abilities, the problems such as outdated teaching knowledge existing in the existing practical teaching system of Biology majors were analyzed. In response to these issues, it had explored and practiced from 5 aspects: creating golden courses, focusing on cultivating innovation and entrepreneurship abilities, building enterprise service platforms, strengthening collaborative innovation, and optimizing the ideological and political system of the curriculum. It had constructed a practical education system for Biology majors that emphasized strong foundations and practical experience. This system was based on the student-centered concept, adhering to a results oriented approach. Through resource sharing and supply-demand coordination between society and higher education, it was conducive to promoting the integration of Biology majors into the local industrial chain, enhancing students’ awareness and ability of innovation and entrepreneurship, and accurately cultivating a large number of innovative and skilled talents for local industrial development.

To improve the quality of agricultural talent cultivation, the current teaching situation of Crop Science Experimental courses were analyzed where some experimental content does not fully correspond to technological development and talent cultivation, and actively explored curriculum reform measures for talent cultivation under the background of new agricultural science. Specifically, it included reforming classic core courses, taking crop leaf area and leaf area index measurement experiments as an example, adding experimental content measured by instruments, adjusting the experimental location from the laboratory to the field, and allowing students to participate in the entire process from area measurement, density investigation, sampling to leaf area measurement; adding scientific and practical experiments, conducting planting and management experiments on plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, and including experimental projects related to crop growth and development such as rapid breeding and indoor factory hybridization according to the latest scientific research achievements; strengthening ideological and political education, incorporating lifelong dedication and rigorous scientific attitude as ideological and political elements throughout every experimental content of the curriculum, cultivating students’ patriotism. Through reform, the content of this experimental course is more in line with the requirements of agricultural technology development for the cultivation of modern new farmers, and helps to improve the quality of agricultural practitioners.

To enhance the development level of the entire agricultural industry chain and assist in the construction of a strong agricultural city, this article takes Yancheng City as an example to systematically analyze the current situation of cultivating the entire agricultural industry chain and explore the implementation path of empowering the development of the entire agricultural industry chain with new quality productivity. The development of the entire agricultural industry chain has achieved good results, but further improvement is needed in the driving ability of “chain owner” enterprises, the depth of industrial integration, and brand influence. Based on this, 5 implementation paths are proposed to empower the entire agricultural industry chain with new quality productivity, namely enhancing technological innovation capabilities and providing source power; empower the park and strengthen carrier support; cultivate and strengthen “chain owner” enterprises, expand value-added space; accelerate the optimization of agricultural brands and enhance the competitiveness of the value chain; improve policy support and establish a comprehensive guarantee system for the development of the entire industry chain. This article injects new momentum into the high-quality development of the entire agricultural industry chain, while providing reference for the modernization of agriculture in relevant regions.

To promote the high-quality development of the tobacco industry, 567 tobacco planting households in Lushi County, Sanmenxia, Henan Province were selected as the research object. The current situation of their team characteristics, planting scale and efficiency, and influencing factors of tobacco planting were investigated. The problems of enthusiasm for tobacco planting, management ability, and mechanization development in the tobacco planting process were analyzed, and targeted measures were proposed. Specifically, it included appropriately increasing the income of planting entities, optimizing production layout, and mobilizing planting enthusiasm; cultivating professional planting entities, conducting business training, establishing assessment and evaluation mechanisms, and improving planting levels; improving the service system, strengthening the promotion of planting technology, and enhancing the level of mechanization. This article provides a reference for improving the production enthusiasm and technical level of tobacco planting entities in relevant regions.