To compare the fruit quality of five blueberry varieties in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, the fruits of five blueberry varieties, namely ‘Lanmei No.1’ ‘Gardenblue’ ‘L11’ ‘Nan Gaocong No.3’and ‘Eureka’ were used as materials. The appearance indicators such as single fruit quality, the contents of antioxidant substances such as anthocyanins, chlorophyll content, and the contents of nutrients such as soluble sugar were determined, and the sensory evaluation of the fruits was also conducted. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis were adopted to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality. The results showed that among the five blueberry varieties, ‘Eureka’ had the largest single fruit weight at 4.805 g,‘Gardenblue’ had the largest fruit shape index at 0.868, ‘Eureka’ had the highest anthocyanin content at 890.217 μg/g, ‘L11’ had the highest total phenol content at 2.840 g/kg, and ‘Gardenblue’ had the highest flavonoid content, reaching 0.177 mg/g, the contents of soluble sugar, vitamin C and soluble solids in ‘Lanmei No.1’ were all the highest, which were 8.873%, 107.433 μg/g and 10.2% respectively. The total sensory evaluation scores, from high to low, were as follows:‘Lanmei No.1’ > ‘Nan Gaocong No.3’ > ‘Gardenblue’ > ‘Eureka’ > ‘L11’. Comprehensive analysis showed that ‘Eureka’ had the highest comprehensive score, with large fruits, strong antioxidant capacity and high nutritional value. ‘Lanmei No.1’ ranked second in the comprehensive score, with higher fruit sweetness and good taste. The fruit quality of both was relatively high. To sum up, among the five blueberry varieties, ‘Eureka’ and ‘Lanmei No.1’ had better overall quality.‘Lanmei No.1’ was suitable for fresh consumption, while ‘Eureka’ was suitable for processing into dried fruits, fruit paste and functional products. This article provides a reference for the introduction and cultivation of blueberries in similar regions.

Gray mold is a common disease in strawberry production, which can reduce the yield and quality of strawberry and cause certain economic losses. The pathogen and symptoms of strawberry gray mold, the infection cycle of the disease, the main factors influencing its occurrence, and comprehensive control measures were elaborated. There are many types of pathogens causing strawberry gray mold, mainly including Botrytis cinerea, B. caroliniana, and B. sinoviticola, etc. The main damage is to the fruit, initially showing water-soaked spots, and later expanding into gray-brown soft rot spots covered with mold; infected flower organs, leaves, and petioles show browning, rotting, and mold. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the form of conidia, mycelium, or sclerotia in diseased residues and soil, and spreads through air currents, water vapor, or agricultural operations, infecting plants through wounds or natural openings, and repeatedly reinfecting in a humid environment. The main factors influencing the occurrence of this disease include variety resistance, fruit maturity and whether it is damaged, the amount of bacteria carried by various plant organs, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, the amount of spores in the air), and cultivation and management measures (close planting, poor ventilation, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, and continuous cropping). In production, it is recommended to adopt comprehensive control measures including agricultural control measures such as selecting disease-resistant varieties and high ridge mulching cultivation, ecological control measures such as high-temperature fumigation, biological control measures such as applying antagonistic bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium lateritium Pa2) and plant-derived agents (eugenol, carvacrol), and chemical control measures such as alternating use of low-toxic and highly effective fungicides such as procymidone and boscalid to effectively control the occurrence of strawberry gray mold. In the future, systematic research needs to be conducted in areas such as resistance monitoring systems, development of environmentally friendly fungicides, and disease monitoring and early warning systems to provide references for the control and in-depth study of this disease.

To investigate the cultivation adaptability and growth of 3 Lonicera caerulea such as ‘Beilei’ in Suzhou District of Jiuquan City, Gansu province, 3 Lonicera caerulea varieties, ‘Beilei’, ‘Lanjingling’ and ‘Wulan’ were introduced from Lonicera caerulea germplasm resource nursery of Northeast Agricultural University, and their phenological period, survival rate, overwinter retention rate and growth characteristics were measured. The results showed that the 3 Lonicera caerulea could complete the whole growth cycle under natural conditions in the study area, germination began in early April, fruit ripening in mid to late May, falling leaves and dormant in September, and ‘Beilei’ and‘Wulan’ sprouted and blossomed earlier than‘Lanjingling’. The survival rate and overwinter retention rate of‘Beilei’and ‘Lanjingling’ were higher (95.0% and 93.3%, 90.0% and 86.7%, respectively). The average tree height and average ground diameter of the 3 varieties were significantly different, among which ‘Beilei’ had stronger growth potential. The rapid growth period of ‘Beilei’ continued from bud to early June, and the net growth from May 3 to May 19 and from May 19 to June 6 was 10.96 cm and 19.86 cm, respectively. The leaf length, leaf shape index and the number of leaves on single branch showed better performance. To sum up, ‘Beilei’ and ‘Lanjingling’ have strong adaptability in introduction and cultivation, and can be popularized in the study area and ecologically similar areas.

To extend the processing cycle of mulberry fruits, the commonly used preservation techniques for mulberry storage, and the possible application of preservation techniques were discussed. Common preservation techniques includes physical preservation, chemical preservation, biological preservation, etc. Physical preservation methods such as refrigeration and controlled atmosphere storage can be used to slow down the rate of fruit quality decline; the commonly used preservatives for chemical preservation include sodium propionate, chlorine dioxide, and ethylene blocker 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP); biological preservation often uses coating preservation and biological preservation agents to inhibit mulberry fruit respiration and enhance antioxidant enzyme activity, thereby extending the preservation period. In the future, technologies such as composite treatment of plant hormones with chitosan, new composite cling film, and film material modification can be considered for the preservation of mulberry fruits. This article provides references for promoting the effective utilization of medicinal mulberry resources and the high quality development of the industry.

To explore green and high yield cultivation technology for maize in the shajiang black soil region of Northern Anhui Province, a comparative experiment on summer maize with soil testing and formulated fertilization versus conventional fertilization was conducted, using the maize variety Hangxing 007 in the shajiang black soil area of Dayang Town, Qiaocheng District, Bozhou City, Anhui Province. The experiment included 6 treatments: conventional full-fertilizer plot (ONK), soil testing and formulated full-fertilizer plot (NPK), nitrogen-free plot (PK), phosphorus-free plot (NK), potassium-free plot (NP), and unfertilized control plot (CK). The study investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments on maize agronomic traits, yield, and fertilizer use efficiency.The results showed that the NPK treatment effectively improved maize agronomic traits, with higher plant height, stem diameter, and seed setting rate, reaching 272.1 cm, 2.2 cm, and 87.2%, respectively. The yields of the treatments, ranked from highest to lowest, were NPK>ONK>NK>NP>PK>CK, with the NPK treatment achieving the highest yield of 8 981.5 kg/hm², a 3.74% increase compared to the ONK treatment. Regarding nutrient content in maize plants and fertilizer use efficiency, the NPK treatment exhibited higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in maize stalks, as well as higher phosphorus and potassium content in grains. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer use efficiencies under the NPK treatment were 42.64%, 21.18%, and 44.07%, respectively. The economic benefits of NPK treatment was the highest, at 14 892.6 yuan/hm², a 5.39% increase compared to the ONK treatment. The application of soil testing and formulated fertilization technology in the shajiang black soil area of the study area can enhance the efficiency of maize fertilizer utilization, and promote maize yield and increase income.

To elucidate the role of green manure in ameliorating production conditions in wheat fields, a field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020 in the Southern Xinjiang region. High-fertility and low-fertility wheat fields were selected, and 4 cropping patterns were established: post-wheat relay-cropped maize (CK), summer fallow (BK), post-wheat planted and incorporated rapeseed (YC), and post-wheat planted and incorporated sunflower (YK). The impacts of green manure on soil enzyme activity and wheat yield under different fertility levels were analyzed. The results showed that incorporating green manure enhanced the activity of certain soil enzymes, while summer fallow had no significant effect on improving soil tillage conditions. For high-fertility wheat fields, the YC treatment increased soil urease and invertase activity by 69.6% and 52.6%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. The YK treatment increased soil alkaline phosphatase and catalase activity by 72.7% and 82.9%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. For low-fertility wheat fields, the YC treatment increased alkaline phosphatase activity by 148.4% compared to the CK treatment, while the YK treatment increased soil urease, catalase, and invertase activity by 97.2%, 124.3%, and 84.7%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. Regarding yield and yield components, no statistically significant differences in wheat yield were observed among the treatments in high-fertility wheat fields (P>0.05). In low-fertility wheat fields, the yields of the BK, YC, and YK treatments were increased by 4.5%, 24.1%, and 28.6%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. The number of grains per spike and thousand-grain weight were significantly higher in the YC and YK treatments than in the CK treatment (P<0.05). Overall, post-wheat planted and incorporated green manure was beneficial for improving soil tillage quality in low-fertility wheat fields and enhancing wheat yield.

Fangyou 777 is a semi winter type, chemical hybridization-induced Brassica napus hybrid cultivar developed by crossing the female parent Z11 with the male parent Y4. Its growth performance and cultivation techniques were evaluated based on field trials in Chaohu, Anhui Province. The cultivar demonstrated excellent agronomic traits with a growth period of 225 days, 1 000-seed weight of 4.72 g, and oil content of 46.22%. It showed strong lodging resistance and high yield potential, achieving 3 372.0 kg/hm² in core demonstration areas.Key cultivation techniques include: selecting well-drained, sunny fields with soil pH 6.5-7.5 and deep plowing (15-20 cm); using high quality seeds treated with soaking and coating; broadcasting (manual or mechanical) at 4.5-6.0 kg/hm² from late September to October 10; applying balanced fertilization based on soil testing and optimized irrigation (ensuring water supply during flowering while reducing irrigation during pod maturation); implementing thinning at seedling, 1-leaf, and 3-leaf stages, weed control with herbicides like metolachlor, and frost protection using paclobutrazol; integrated pest management against diseases (sclerotinia, downy mildew) and pests (flea beetles, cabbage worms); harvesting either by direct combining or two-stage method, followed by sun-drying to reduce seed moisture below 10% for storage. This paper provides references for promoting Fangyou 777 cultivation in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

To screen out high quality and high yield Brassica rapa varieties suitable for cultivation in Wuhu, Anhui Province, 10 Brassica rapa varieties, namely Zheyou 28, Zheshuang 72, Quanyinyou 7101, Deqiyou 4, Quanyinyou 5, Qingyou 8, Ning R101, Fengyou 306, Xiaoyou 737, and Liangyou 100, were selected for variety comparison experiments from 2022 to 2023. Its growth period, resistance, yield composition factors and yield were determined. The results showed that the total growth period of each variety ranged from 214 to 231 days, among which Quanyinyou 5 had the longest total growth period, which was 231 days. The entire growth period of Xiaoyou 737 was the shortest, which was 214 days. In terms of cold resistance, eight varieties such as Zheyou 28, Zheshuang 72, and Quanyinyou 7101 had relatively good cold resistance. In terms of lodging resistance, 6 varieties including Zheyou 28, Zheshuang 72, and Quanyinyou 7101 had strong lodging resistance. The incidence rates of sclerotinia of various varieties ranged from 10.26% to 18.25%, and the disease index ranged from 2.15 to 4.50. The plant height of the tested rapeseed varieties was 117.7-170.1 cm. The effective number of plants of each variety at maturity was 125 000-210 000 plants per hectare. The effective number of branches per plant was 8.0-15.0. The effective number of kernels per plant was 80.0-370.1. The number of kernels per kernels was 18.5-23.3. The thousand-grain weight was 3.5-5.3 g. The output ranged from 1 416.0 to 3 972.8 kg/hm². In conclusion, Zheyou 28, Zheshuang 72, Deqiyou 4 and Qingyou 8 had performed well overall, with high yields and good high yield properties, making them suitable for promotion and cultivation in the Wuhu area.

To improve the yield and quality of cotton in Hami City, Xinjiang, the technology of reducing and increasing fertilizer efficiency in the region was summarized, the links that need further improvement in the cotton production fertilization process were analyzed, and optimized fertilization strategies were proposed. The technology of reducing and increasing fertilizer efficiency includes soil testing formula fertilization technology, straw returning technology, and integrated water and fertilizer technology. The application of related technologies helps to ensure balanced nutrient supply, increase soil organic matter content, and improve crop yield. There are some urgent optimization links in the fertilization management of cotton production in the research area, mainly including imbalance in the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer, insufficient supply of organic fertilizer, and lack of trace element fertilizers. Based on this, optimized fertilization strategies are proposed: scientific fertilization, promoting the integrated service model of “detection, configuration, production, provision, and application” throughout the entire process, and strengthening the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology; take measures such as returning straw to the field and increasing the application of organic fertilizer to improve soil structure and enhance the persistence of fertilizer efficiency; reasonably allocate the proportion of fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and trace element fertilizers to improve the accuracy of fertilization. This article provides references for high quality and efficient cotton production in relevant regions.

To explore the cultivation techniques of early maturing and high yielding garlic in greenhouses in Southern Shandong, based on the cultivation practices of greenhouse garlic in Lanling County, Shandong Province, the early maturing and high yield cultivation techniques were summarized from aspects such as cultivation conditions, variety selection, and seed treatment. The cultivation conditions involve selecting flat terrain with fertile soil, constructing greenhouse structures using economical and safe materials such as galvanized round pipes, employing 7-8 mil PO film or grouting membrane for the greenhouse cover, and installing water-fertilizer integrated sprinkler hoses inside the greenhouse. Early maturing, high yielding, stress resistant, and commercially superior varieties were chosen; moldy garlic cloves were removed, and seed coating with agents such as fludioxonil was applied. Organic fertilizer was uniformly spread before sowing, and ridge cultivation or flat bed furrow sowing was adopted, with a planting density of 600 000-750 000 plants/hm². After sowing, the soil was thoroughly watered, and herbicides such as 24% oxyfluorfen were sprayed. After germination, the soil was covered with mulch film. Maintain suitable temperature inside the greenhouse by opening vents, when temperatures were high and sealing the greenhouse film tightly when temperatures were low. Watering was applied appropriately, with irrigation ceasing 5-7 days before garlic flower stalk harvesting. After harvesting, a foliar fertilizer was sprayed along with irrigation. Prevention was prioritized, and integrated pest and disease control measures were adopted. Seed coating was used to control pests such as thrips, and fungicides such as 20% prochloraz were sprayed to prevent leaf blight and other diseases. Garlic sprouts were harvested around March 10, followed by garlic bulbs 15-20 days later. This article provides a reference for early maturing and high-yielding cultivation of garlic in greenhouses in Southern Shandong and other regions.

To clarify the current distribution status of exotic plants in Minqin County, Gansu Privince, methods such as route investigation and plot investigation were adopted to analyze the species composition, family and genus composition, origin distribution, and introduction purpose of exotic plants. The results showed that there were a total of 183 species of exotic plants in the study area, belonging to 134 genera and 48 families, among which angiosperms had an absolute advantage. The Compositae was the dominant family of exotic plants, with 25 species, accounting for 13.66% of the total species. Brassica and Populus were the dominant genera of exotic plants, each with 6 species, accounting for 3.28% of the total genera. There were many species of exotic plants from Asia, with 86 species, accounting for 46.99% of the total number of exotic plants. More of them were introduced as edible, ornamental and greening plants, accounting for 31.15%, 23.50%, and 16.39% of the total species respectively. The introduction of exotic plants has enriched the species diversity in the study area and promoted the construction of the ecological environment.

Based on a comprehensive interpretation of the all-age friendly concept and the connotation of urban renewal, as well as the current challenges in urban park renovation, Shenyang Kejian Park was taken as a case. From the perspective of all-age friendly, the park’s challenges through empirical analysis were pointed out, and renewal strategies for creating an all-age friendly urban park were proposed. Against the backdrop of urban renewal, urban park renovation has shifted toward all-age friendly, diversity, and refinement. Current efforts still need improvement in ecological functions, biodiversity, spatial composite utilization, and maintenance management. Kejian Park faces shortcomings in rational functional zoning, infrastructure functionality, road network accessibility, and diversified plant configuration. Accordingly,renewal and activation strategies for all-age friendly urban parks were proposed，including enriching functional zones to create shared activity spaces for all ages; upgrading infrastructure and adding industrial-themed interactive installations; optimizing the hierarchical road network system to enhance spatial accessibility; diversifying plant community configurations to strengthen ecological service functions. This research provides a reference for enhancing similar urban park renewal projects.

Wheat sheath blight is a common soil-borne disease, occurs at moderate to severe levels annually, affecting wheat production safety, yield, and quality. Based on field survey data of wheat sheath blight occurrence in Xuanzhou District of Anhui Province from 2011 to 2024, its occurrence characteristics, influencing factors, and proposed control measures were analyzed. Field investigations revealed that the initial occurrence period of wheat sheath blight in this region remained stable from mid-to-late February to early March, with no significant differences in severity during the initial stage and mild incidence. Within the same growth stage across different years, the severity of wheat sheath blight varied: during the regreening-jointing stage, the average diseased plant rate showed minor differences across years, whereas more pronounced variations were observed during the full heading and flowering-filling stages. The disease severity was rated as level 2 (moderately light) in most years. In the same year, the disease incidence was mild during the tillering stage but became more severe during the heading-filling stage, with significant vertical expansion. The severity of wheat sheath blight is influenced by multiple factors, including field inoculum load, varietal resistance (main cultivars show no resistance), sowing density (excessive population exacerbates the disease), water and fertilizer management (excessive nitrogen fertilization and insufficient organic fertilizer application increase infection risk), field weeds (reducing basal permeability and weakening wheat stress resistance), and climatic conditions (high humidity environments above 10℃ favor disease development). Targeting these occurrence characteristics and influencing factors, comprehensive control technologies were proposed, including timely sowing (October 25 to November 10), seed dressing with chemicals (single or compound formulations such as difenoconazole), agricultural practices (deep soil tillage, ditch cleaning and drainage, rational planting density, balanced fertilization), biological control (Trichoderma, jinggangmycin, etc.), and chemical control (spraying difenoconazole·propiconazole and other chemicals at the early jointing stage). It provides a reference for the control of wheat sheath blight in Xuanzhou and similar regions.

Spatial autocorrelation analysis is employed to assess the clustering trends of spatial data across geographic space. In this study, using cultivar Kaimian 39 as the host plant, 10 survey points were divided into experimental group 1 (points 1–5) and experimental group 2 (Points 6–10). GeoDA spatial analysis software was utilized to identify the spatial characteristics of the aphid occurrence locations and their population number, while IBM SPSS Statistics 25 was used to analyze the correlation between aphid abundance and meteorological factors such as daily average temperature. The results showed that the global Moran’s indices for occurrence locations and abundance were -0.371 and 0.678, respectively. Local Moran’s index analysis revealed that the clustering of survey points was primarily categorized into high-high (HH) clusters, high-low (HL) clusters, low-high (LH), and low-low (LL) clusters. Correlation analysis indicated that in experimental group 1, the correlation coefficients between relative humidity and the abundance of nymphs, wingless adults, and winged aphids were 0.907, 0.900, and 0.516, respectively. In experimental group 2, the correlation coefficients between daily average temperature and the abundance of nymphs, wingless adults, and winged aphids were -0.969, -0.988, and 0.090, respectively. These results demonstrated that the occurrence locations and abundance exhibited negative and positive spatial autocorrelation, respectively, with high-frequency and low-frequency occurrence areas showing a dispersed trend, while similar abundance levels tend to cluster. Meteorological factors significantly influence aphid abundance and distribution. This study provides a reference for targeted aphid control strategies.

Based on the practice of apple cultivation, the occurrence patterns, damaged parts and symptoms of the main diseases and pests of Red Fuji apple trees were summarized and analyzed, and comprehensive disease and pest control techniques such as agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control were proposed. The main diseases of apples included apple tree rot and apple ring rot, which mainly affect branches, fruits, leaves and other parts. The main pests of apples included Carposina niponensis, Grapholita inopinata, aphids, etc., which mostly bore into the fruits in the form of young insects. In terms of agricultural control, choose fields with convenient transportation, flat ground, easy irrigation and drainage, fertile soil, and good water and fertilizer retention performance, such as slightly acidic or neutral loam, to build orchards. Select varieties that are suitable for local climate and soil conditions, high yield and high quality. Increase the application of organic fertilizers and top apply compound fertilizers rich in various nutrients. Conduct scientific field management. In terms of physical control, in autumn, the main and central trunks of fruit trees should be covered with soil and whitewashed. Branches or sprouts should be used as bridges to connect to the upper and lower parts of the diseased scars to extend the lifespan of the fruit trees. It is advisable to deeply plow the tree pits and remove weeds in winter and spring to destroy the survival conditions of the larvae, setting up sticky boards, insecticidal lamps, etc. in the apple orchard; in terms of biological control, artificially release natural enemies such as predatory mites, ladybugs and spore-eating flies to control pests; in terms of chemical control, give priority to using low-toxicity pesticides and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations. After removing the lesions by scraping, apply highly penetrating or systemic agents. This article provides a reference for the high yield and fruit quality improvement of apple trees.

To explore the transcriptomic characteristics of Spinibarbus hollandi, three female and three male individuals (200 g each) were used as experimental materials for high throughput sequencing and subsequent analysis of the transcriptome. The results showed that a total of 95 231 190 clean reads were obtained, which were assembled into 91 467 Unigenes with a total length of 73 474 804 nt. Among these, 49 061 Unigenes were annotated in protein databases, while 48 912 Unigenes were annotated in the NR database. The highest gene matching rates for Spinibarbus hollandi were with Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous (26%), Sinocyclocheilus anshuiensis (23%), and Sinocyclocheilus grahami (18%). A total of 17 557 Unigenes were annotated in the GO database, covering 49 functional subcategories across three major biological categories: biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Additionally, 28 503 Unigenes were classified into 25 KOG clusters, including signal transduction mechanisms and general function prediction. Among the 25 927 Unigenes annotated in the KEGG database, enrichment analysis revealed 295 metabolic pathways, with higher proportions observed in pathways such as ligand-receptor interactions in neuroactive stimulation and the MAPK signaling pathway. Microsatellite characteristic analysis detected 9 036 microsatellite loci, with dinucleotide repeats being the most abundant (5 204), followed by trinucleotide (2 523) and tetranucleotide repeats (965). The transcriptomic data obtained in this study provide a valuable reference for research on germplasm resources, genetic structure, molecular marker development, and genetic diversity exploration in Spinibarbus hollandi.

To understand the nutritional composition of the ootheca of Tenodera sinensis Saussure, the insects were used as the research subject and the contents of moisture, protein, fatty acids, amino acids, and other nutritional components in both unhatched and hatched Tenodera sinensis Saussure oothecae were determined by referring relevant national standard methods（such as GB 5009.3-2016 “National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Moisture in Foods”, etc.）. The results showed that the protein content was relatively high, measuring 70.1 g/100 g in unhatched oothecae and 75.4 g/100 g in hatched oothecae. Vitamin A and vitamin B₁ were not detected, while the vitamin B₂ content in hatched oothecae (1.160 mg/100 g) was higher than that in unhatched oothecae (0.593 mg/100 g). The vitamin E content in unhatched oothecae (1.300 mg/100 g) was higher than that in hatched oothecae (0.901 mg/100 g). 4 fatty acids were detected, including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. The contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid were similar in both types of oothecae. Both unhatched and hatched oothecae contained 6 mineral elements: phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and iron (Fe). Iron (Fe) was the most abundant, with 587 mg/kg in unhatched oothecae and 989 mg/kg in hatched oothecae.The polypeptide contents of the unhatched and hatched Tenodera sinensis Saussure oothecae were 7.38 g/100 g and 2.87 g/100 g respectively, the phospholipid contents were 6.25 g/100 g and 6.72 g/100 g respectively, and the amino acid contents were 59.0 g/100 g and 63.4 g/100 g respectively. Among the detected amino acids, there were 7 essential amino acids including threonine and 9 non-essential amino acids including aspartic acid. The content of glutamic acid was the highest, with 11.30 mg/g and 11.10 mg/g in unhatched and hatched ones respectively. These research results provide a reference for further scientific research for product development related to Tenodera sinensis Saussure.

The rapid propagation and container cultivation technology of Acer palmatum ‘Hongfei’ were summarized, and the regional trial results of it at 3 test sites in Jurong, Liyang and Wujiang, Jiangsu Province were analyzed. At all 3 test sites, Acer palmatum ‘Deshojoi’ was used as the control variety. The rapid propagation techniques include the construction of the spike nursery, the cultivation of rootstock seedlings, the cultivation of grafted seedlings and the management after grafting. A nursery with deep soil and good drainage should be selected as the spike nursery for Acer palmatum ‘Hongfei’. Healthy and disease-free excellent clones of 2 to 3 years old should be selected as the mother plants of the spike nursery. The survival rate of grafting by bud entraption in autumn is relatively high. Manage the grafted area scientifically. Container cultivation techniques include container selection, substrate selection, water and fertilizer management, and shaping and pruning. The container should be such that the root system of the seedlings naturally spreads in it. The substrate should be a mixture of peat and vermiculite. Apply a 1∶200 concentration nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mixed fertilizer solution or special fertilizer for seedling cultivation. Shaping and pruning should be carried out in a timely manner. The phenological period of this plant in the 3 experimental sites of Jurong, Liyang and Wujiang, Jiangsu Province, was earlier than that of the Acer palmatum ‘Deshojoi’. It had stable leaf color, good growth. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of Acer palmatum ‘Hongfei’ in garden green spaces in East China.

To understand the research hotspots and trend frontiers of the theme of forestry economy, taking 882 articles retrieved in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from 1992 to 2020 as the data source, the CiteSpace visualization software was used to analyze the number of published papers, the evolution characteristics of keywords, as well as the research hotspots and research frontiers. The results showed that forestry economic research could be analyzed in three time spans. The period from 1992 to 2001 was the initial exploration stage of forestry economic research, with a total of 258 published papers. The period from 2002 to 2010 was the steady development stage, with a total of 208 published papers. The period from 2011 to 2020 was the optimization and improvement stage, with a total of 416 published papers. From 1992 to 2001, the high frequency key words in the research of forestry economy were forestry economy, forestry, forestry economic growth, etc. The research during this period mainly focused on transforming the growth mode of forestry economy and adjusting the industrial structure of forest areas. From 2002 to 2010, the key words with relatively high frequency were forest tenure reform, system, collective forest tenure system reform, etc. Forest tenure issues and the collective forest tenure system reform became the research hotspots during this period. From 2011 to 2020, influencing factors was the keyword with the highest frequency of occurrence. Establishing various quantitative theoretical models to solve forestry economic problems became a research hotspot during this period. From 1992 to 2001, a large number of emergent words with high emergent intensity emerged. Timber forests, forestry economic development, and forestry economic growth were the research frontiers during this period. Realizing the sustainable development of forestry in forest areas was the forefront of forestry economic research from 2002 to 2010. Promoting the optimization of the industrial structure in forest areas and exploring new ways for sustainable and low-carbon development of forestry were the research frontiers from 2011 to 2020. The comprehensive results show that the research hotspots and trends of the forestry economy in the future will still revolve around coordinating ecological protection and new ways for the growth of the forestry economy, transforming the economic industrial structure of forest areas, and achieving economic optimization.

To investigate the effects of offline materials in different production processes and the sequence of production batches on the yield of cut stem, four types of offline materials： screened broken stems from the stem washing process, residual stems in the cutting machine, rejected stem tips from the cutting process, and rejected stem heads from the winnowing process along with the production batch sequence were selected as experimental factors. Descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze the correlation between these factors and cut stem yield. Using a controlled variable approach, the impact of offline indicators from each production process on cut stem yield was measured and discussed.The results showed that the production batch sequence had the highest coefficient of variation (56.42%). Cut stem yield exhibited a negative correlation with screened broken stems, rejected stem tips, residual stems in the cutting machine, and rejected stem heads, while showing a positive correlation with the production batch sequence. As the quantities of screened broken stems, residual stems in the cutting machine, rejected stem tips, and rejected stem heads increased, the cut stem yield consistently decreased. Across production batches, silk yield was lowest in the first batch, peaked in the fifth batch, and stabilized in intermediate batches. Meanwhile, the amounts of screened broken stems, residual stems, and rejected stem tips decreased to varying degrees and stabilized over successive batches, whereas the rejected stem heads showed a gradual but insignificant increase.These findings indicate that optimizing the stem blend, reducing cutting machine residue, minimizing rejected stem tips, and controlling the rejection rate of stem heads can enhance yield of cut stem. Additionally, regulating the offline material quantities across different production batches and refining relevant process parameters can improve raw material utilization efficiency, thereby achieving higher cut stem yield.

Three harvesting and curing methods (leaf stripping and curing, stem-attached curing, and delayed curing) were employed to investigate the changes in moisture content, chlorophyll levels, enzyme activities, and intrinsic chemical components of tobacco leaves from harvest to the end of the yellowing stage. The results indicated that the dehydration rate and chlorophyll degradation rate of tobacco leaves cured with the stem-attached curing were slower than those of leaf stripping and curing or those cured with delayed curing. During the early yellowing stage (0-36 hours), the SOD and PPO activities in tobacco leaves treated with stem-attached curing were higher than those in the other two treatments. At 24 to 60 hours after harvest, the POD activity in leaves treated with leaf stripping and curing was higher than those in the other two treatments. The ATP activity in leaves treated with stem-attached curing was generally lower than that in leaves treated with leaf stripping and curing but higher than that in leaves treated with delayed curing. The AMS activity was higher in the stem-attached curing treatment within 24 hours after harvest, followed by fluctuating changes, and was lower than the other two treatments at 60 hours. In terms of conventional chemical components, the starch content in the three treatments fluctuated. At 60 hours after harvest, the nicotine and total nitrogen contents in leaves treated with stem-attached curing were higher, the total sugar content was lower. Regarding the chemical components of cured tobacco leaves, the stem-attached curing treatment resulted in higher starch, nicotine, and chlorine contents compared to the leaf stripping and curing treatment, whereas the total sugar, reducing sugar, potassium, sugar-nicotine ratio, and potassium-chlorine ratio were lower. Overall, the enzyme activities and intrinsic chemical components of tobacco leaves treated with stem-attached curing differed from those of the leaf stripping and curing and delayed curing treatments. The underlying mechanisms of these effects require further investigation.

The application of plant essential oil composite membranes in the field of fruit and vegetable preservation was summarized, and the construction of three edible composite membranes, namely chitosan composite membranes, protein composite membranes, and sodium alginate composite membranes, as well as the research progress of their applications in fruit and vegetable preservation were reviewed. Plant essential oils are green and natural preservatives for fruits and vegetables. They possess biological activities such as antioxidation and antibacterial properties, and are widely used in the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The application forms of plant essential oil composite films mainly include coating films and packaging films. Their development has solved the problems of poor stability and easy volatility of plant essential oils, and has shown good storage and preservation effects in the preservation of various fruits and vegetables. The selection of edible membranes mainly focuses on materials such as chitosan, protein, and sodium alginate. The combination of two or more materials enhances the comprehensive performance of the composite membranes. The three types of composite films, namely the edible composite film of plant essential oil - chitosan, the edible composite film of plant essential oil - protein, and the edible composite film of plant essential oil - sodium alginate, all have excellent antibacterial activity, which greatly extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables and can better maintain the content of nutrients in fruits and vegetables. They have broad application prospects in the preservation of fruits and vegetables. This article provides a reference for expanding the application of plant essential oils.

To explore the effects of salt-alkali stress on the growth, development and physiological activities of Lilium davidii var. willmottiae, different NaCl-NaHCO₃ combined stress concentrations were set, with concentration of 0 mmol/L (CK), 50 mmol/L (T1), 100 mmol/L (T2), and 150 mmol/L (T3), respectively. The growth indicators such as plant height and physiological indicators such as chlorophyll content at different growth stages (seedling stage, bud formation stage, flowering stage, semi-dead stage) under various treatments were determined. The results showed that with the increase of salt-alkali concentration, the plant height, stem thickness and leaf length and width of Lilium davidii var. willmottiae in the same growth period gradually decreased. With the extension of the growth period, the leaf length of the CK treatment increased most significantly. The longitudinal diameter of bulbs in the semi-dead stage T1 was 31.55 mm, increasing by 2.80% vs. CK. The transverse diameter of bulbs in T2 was 36.32 mm, increasing by 8.78% vs. CK. The circumdiameter of bulbs in T2 was 13.77 cm, increasing by 13.46% vs. CK. With the increase of salt-alkali concentration, the SOD activity of Lilium davidii var. willmottiae leaves in various periods, the POD activity of leaves at the seedling stage, bud formation stage and semi-dead stage showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the chlorophyll content at the seedling stage, bud formation stage and flowering stage showed a decreasing trend. In conclusion, salt-alkali stress has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth and development of Lilium davidii var. willmottiae. However, moderate stress (100 mmol/L) was conducive to the enlargement of bulbs and the accumulation of physiologically active substances. This article provides a reference for exploring the physiological mechanism of salt-alkali tolerance of Lilium davidii var. willmottiae.

To effectively prevent and control the diseases and pests in Cynanchum atratum Bge., and improve crop yield and quality, the common species and characteristics of diseases and pests in this plant were analyzed, and its comprehensive prevention and control measures were elaborated. In practice, common diseases of this plant included root rot and leaf spot disease. Root rot disease could occur throughout the entire growing season, and the root system was its main affected area. The pathogenic bacteria were various Fusarium spp. Soil moisture, soil fertility, environmental temperature, planting density, and crop continuous cropping were the main influencing factors for its occurrence; leaf spot disease could easily hinder plant growth, weaken photosynthesis, and was caused by Alternaria spp. Seasonal changes, planting density, soil fertility, and variety resistance were the main influencing factors for its occurrence. Common insect pests included aphids and grubs, among which aphids affected the normal morphology and growth of plants, reduced seed setting rate and quality, and exhibit obvious seasonal changes. They form peaked period before the arrival of high temperatures in summer and when temperatures gradually decrease in autumn, with temperature, humidity, and light being the main influencing factors; grubs feed on the root system of the plant, affecting the absorption and transportation of water and nutrients by the Cynanchum atratum Bge. This pest completed one generation reproduction in most areas within 1-2 years, and soil properties and climatic conditions were the main influencing factors for its occurrence. In terms of prevention and control measures, physical methods such as manual hunting and trapping with tools could effectively control the spread of diseases and pests; selection and application of appropriate fungicides, pesticides and other chemical control means, such as root rot treatment by irrigation and aphid control by spray, could reduce its adverse effects; used beneficial microorganisms and introduced natural enemies insects for biological control could enhance plant disease resistance; adopted reasonable crop rotation and intercropping, strengthening field management and other agricultural control methods could reduce the risk of disease and pest occurrence. This article provides references for improving the level of disease and pest control in Cynanchum atratum Bge. and promoting the sustainable development of the industry.

To improve the utilization of sugar beet pulp, sugar beet pulp was used as raw material to analyze its main components such as soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber. Dietary fiber was extracted using chemical and enzymatic (single and compound) methods, and the extraction rates of different methods were compared. The swelling power and water-holding capacity were also measured. The results showed that the total dietary fiber content in sugar beet pulp was relatively high, at 43.57 g/100 g. The extraction rate of dietary fiber using a combination of α-amylase and cellulase was higher, reaching 65.27%. The swelling capacity and water-holding capacity of soluble dietary fiber extracted by the enzymatic method were 4.8 mL/g and 4.125 g/g, respectively, higher than those of insoluble dietary fiber. The results provide a reference for the efficient utilization and production research of sugar beet pulp.

To improve the prediction accuracy of precipitation during the flood season in Dangshan County, Anhui Province, data from the National Basic Meteorological Observation Station in Dangshan County from December 1991 to April 2020, including average temperature and precipitation from May to September of the following year had used, to analyze the correlation (rhythmic relationship) between the monthly average temperature in winter and spring seasons and the precipitation in each month of the flood season for many years. A prediction model for monthly precipitation during the flood season was established, and the prediction results of monthly precipitation during the flood season from 1991 to 2021 were tested. The prediction of precipitation from May to September 2022 was applied The results indicated that (1) the model could predict the monthly precipitation during the flood season by using the monthly average temperatures from December to April of the following year before the flood season. (2) In the verification of monthly precipitation prediction during the flood season from 1991 to 2021, the accuracy of the model was 87%, 87%, 84%, 77%, and 74% in May, June, July, August, and September, respectively, and the test accuracy was high, so it can be used for forecasting. (3) In the application of precipitation forecasting from May to September 2022, the forecasts for May, July, August, and September were completely correct, but the forecast in June was wrong. The overall prediction effect is good and can be applied to actual meteorological forecasting operations. This article provides supports for flood and drought prevention, water resource management, and agricultural production in the research area and similar regions.

To serve agricultural production and water resource management, the daily variation characteristics of precipitation from May to October during the flood season of Baihetan Hydropower Station was analyzed from two aspects: precipitation amount and frequency, based on hourly precipitation observation data from the automatic meteorological observation stations on the left bank (Ⅰ Station) and right bank (Ⅱ Station) of the dam in January 2012 to December 2022. The results indicated that the daytime precipitation and frequency of precipitation at Baihetan Hydropower Station were significantly lower than at night. Nighttime precipitation accounts for about 80% and precipitation frequency accounts for 70%. The amount and frequency of precipitation in the second half of the night were higher than those in the first half of the night, and the highest precipitation occurs at 4:00 on the Ⅱ station; daytime precipitation accounts for about 20% and precipitation frequency accounts for 30%. Afternoon precipitation and precipitation frequency were both less than in the morning, with the lowest precipitation frequency occurring at 15:00 in Ⅰ station; the relative precipitation frequency was higher during the daytime (especially in the morning) in July and September. This “night rain” feature had important reference value for local agricultural activity arrangements, crop water use efficiency, and reservoir agricultural irrigation scheduling.

To further promote insect culture and enhance students’ comprehensive quality, a blended teaching reform and practice of online and offline Insect Culture course was carried out. In terms of teaching reform, the knowledge, ability, and literacy goals of the course were determined based on the school’s positioning, talent cultivation objectives, and students’ learning situation; based on the course objectives, constructed course content and resources, and dynamically updated the knowledge system according to the forefront of the discipline and the needs of social development, continuously updated and enriched course resources; carefully organized teaching activities, used platforms such as smart classrooms to carry out belended online and offline teaching, and adopted heuristic teaching methods to achieve pre class preview, in class teaching, and post class consolidation; optimized the assessment and evaluation method, adopted an assessment and evaluation system consisting of regular scores (60%) and final exam scores (40%). Practice had shown that the teaching reform of this course had achieved certain results, and the course objectives had been basically achieved. The self built Insect Culture MOOC had been recommended as the third batch of national online first-class undergraduate courses by Anhui Province, and the number of course takers has exceeded 35 800. This article provides a reference for the relevant course construct the national online first-class undergraduate courses.

To cultivate a group of high quality food related professionals, the Food Immunology course based on the concept of “undergraduate-oriented principle” was briefly introduced. It explored teaching reform strategies from 4 aspects: teaching objectives, teaching methods, scientific research feedback teaching, and assessment and evaluation, and its practical effectiveness was analyzed. This course mainly covered 3 parts: basic immunology, disease and immunity, and immune detection technology. Its teaching laid the foundation for students’ subsequent study of Food Science major courses such as Food Microbiology. In terms of reform strategies, the teaching objectives were reshaped with student development as the center, condensing 10 literacy goals such as understanding the immunogenicity and immunoreactivity of antigens, and interdisciplinary integration awareness; innovatively utilizing multiple teaching methods, such as using flipped classroom teaching when explaining the concept of “tumor necrosis factor”; attracted students to actively participate in the research of nano detection technology projects through the form of “project bidding”, to achieve the feedback of scientific research on teaching; optimized the assessment method and formed an assessment mechanism consisting of daily assessment, mid-term testing, and final assessment. The practical results showed that 93.75% of students highly recognize the new teaching model and assessment mechanism, and their comprehensive literacy had been significantly improved. This article provides references for the teaching reform of Food Science major related courses.

To cultivate high quality talents with hands-on practice and scientific research innovation ability, the Cell Biology Experimental course was taken as the research object, the necessity of applying the flipped classroom teaching model was analyzed in this course, and the construction of a flipped classroom teaching practice model of “pre class preparation+in class implementation+post class feedback” was explored based on teaching design and implementation. In terms of necessity, the application of flipped classroom teaching model, through pre class preview, in class communication post class feedback and other methods, optimizes students’ self-learning environment, helps to improve classroom teaching efficiency, to stimulate students’ learning initiative, and to enrich classroom teaching content. In terms of instructional design and implementation, during the pre class preparation stage, teachers created instructional micro lesson videos for students to preview; utilized online teaching resources from other platforms to design experimental projects that were tailored to the characteristics of students; reasonably arranged teaching content and designed different learning tasks based on different types of experiments. During the implementation phase of the class, discussions and Q&A activities centered on problem-solving were carried out, and the experimental implementation content was determined to enable students to deeply understand the principles of the experiment. During the post class feedback stage, feedback and evaluation analysis would be conducted from 6 aspects, including experimental habits and theoretical knowledge, to comprehensively assess students’ knowledge application and comprehensive innovation ability. Practice showed that this teaching reform had achieved certain results, with students’ average final grades in experimental courses increasing by 3.89 points compared to the previous level, and winning the third prize in provincial competitions. This article provides references for the teaching reform of similar courses.

To research the language ability of vocational college students in rural areas and their language service needs in employment and entrepreneurship, this study had used questionnaire survey and regression analysis methods to analyze the main factors affecting the language ability of students in rural areas. The targeted suggestions were proposed to enhance students’ language ability. The results indicated， (1) most students were fluent in Putonghua, but their English application ability was relativly insufficient, which may affected their employment competitiveness; (2) there were differences in language proficiency among rural vocational college students based on gender, age, and targeted language education programs were needed to be provided for different groups; (3) rural graduates from vocational colleges paid more attention to the application of language in professional settings. Based on the main influencing factors, the following suggestions were proposed. Strengthen language services for rural vocational college students, enhance Putonghua proficiency testing and certification, optimize the language service methods for rural students’ employment and entrepreneurship, strengthen school-enterprise cooperation, integrate industry and education, and optimize the online and offline teaching experience. This article provides references for enhancing the ability of vocational college rural students to provide language services to rural development so as to better achieve comprehensive rural revitalization.

To meet the demand for high quality talents in the development and technological progress of the edible mushroom industry, the teaching reform measures of Edible Mushroom Cultivation Technology course were researched and put it into practice. In terms of reform measures, updating teaching content, constructing a targeted differentiated curriculum system, systematically integrating professional knowledge in fields such as microbiology, environmental science, and agricultural engineering, and introducing interdisciplinary knowledge; innovating teaching methods, such as project-based learning, flipped classroom, case-based teaching, and competition based teaching, were used to stimulate students’ initiative in learning; building a diversified practical teaching platform, enhancing students’ professional skills through the construction of on campus and off campus practical teaching bases, and the application of virtual simulation training rooms; strengthening the construction of the teacher team and implement the reform plan for the construction of the “dual teacher” team in vocational education; establishing diversified evaluation criteria and dynamically assess the completion quality of each key skill point. Practice shows tha this teaching reform has been implemented since the 2022 Edible Mushroom Production and Processing Technology major and has achieved significant results. Students have won multiple first prizes and other achievements in the edible mushroom cultivation technology competition of the provincial vocational college skills competition; this course has been promoted to a school level premium online course. This article provides references for promoting teaching reform of similar courses and promoting high quality development of the edible mushroom industry.

This paper takes 354 academic evaluation system journal articles related to rural tourism industry development published in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from January 1, 2001, to October 15, 2024, as the research sample, and CiteSpace software was employed to conduct bibliometric visualization analysis, systematically examining the research status, hotspots, and trends in the development of this topic. The research findings indicate, (1) The temporal variation in the number of publications exhibits phased characteristics: the embryonic stage (2001–2005, with an annual average of fewer than 10 articles), the primary diversification stage (2006–2011, with an annual average of approximately 10 articles), the formation of research framework (2012–2015, with a slight decline in publication volume), and the in-depth research stage (2016–present, with explosive growth in publication volume, peaking in 2020). (2) Collaboration among authors and research institutions is fragmented, with no high-yield core author groups or close cross-institutional collaboration networks yet formed. (3) Research hotspots are concentrated in five clustering categories (rural tourism, rural revitalization, tourism industry, leisure agriculture, and industrial upgrading); the research vitality shows a trajectory from the initial stage, to wide focus, to a research boom, and finally to a stable evolution; in recent years, the research focus has concentrated on topics such as rural revitalization, industrial revitalization, and cultural tourism integration. (4) Research content shows a trend from macro to micro perspectives; the research process is divided into four stages: embryonic, primary diversification, framework formation, and in-depth research. (5) The evolution of research themes demonstrates a transition from single development models to diversified paths. Future research directions include: strengthening interdisciplinary exchanges and expanding research scope; enhancing inter-disciplinary and inter-institutional collaboration to deeply explore research hotspots and expand research topics; orienting research content toward policies and integrating with practical conditions; aligning with frontier hotspots to strengthen the integration of practical applications and disciplinary development; and improving the development level of the rural tourism industry. This study provides a reference for academic research and practical exploration in the development of rural tourism industry.