Bifenthrin·clothianidin is a new type of compound insecticide that can be used to control more than 20 pests such as Helicoverpa armigera. This study explores the properties, composition, action mechanism, and application effects of this suspension concentrate, as well as its application technologies and practices in the agricultural field, and prospects for future research. The suspension concentrate is formulated by combining two active ingredients, bifenthrin and clothianidin, with dual characteristics of rapid insecticidal activity and long-term protection. Its action mechanism includes contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, and systemic translocation: it can penetrate into the insect body either by directly contacting the insect surface (dissolving the waxy layer on the exoskeleton or through microscopic pores), enter via the insect’s mouthparts and digestive tract, or indirectly infiltrate the insect body when the pest engages in piercing-sucking feeding on plant stems and leaves treated with the insecticide, ultimately leading to insect death by poisoning. In terms of application effects, this insecticide offers advantages such as a broad insecticidal spectrum, quick-acting and long-lasting efficacy, low toxicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. It also exhibits excellent environmental and ecological safety: it is safe for crop growth, compatible with other chemical agents, has minimal impacts on aquatic organisms and beneficial organisms, and can degrade into harmless substances in soil over time. Previously, this insecticide has been used to control pests such as aphids, cutworms, thrips, and pear psylla on various crops including food crops, fruits, and vegetables, and can be applied through methods such as spraying, drip irrigation, and drenching. In the future, efforts will be made to further optimize its formulation, develop more efficient and stable dosage forms, and conduct research on environmental friendliness and precise application technologies. In summary, bifenthrin·clothianidin suspension concentrate can reduce the application rate of chemical pesticides, delay the development of pest resistance, and extend the service life of pesticides, thereby boasting broad application prospects.

This paper systematically sorted out the application status, development trends, and exploration directions of smart livestock and poultry technology in representative categories such as chickens, pigs, and cattle, identified existing problems, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. Smart livestock and poultry technology had achieved large-scale application in multiple fields: environmental regulation technology could optimize the breeding environment in real time and handle abnormalities; information collection technology realized the monitoring of livestock and poultry status and accurate identification through sensors, visual recognition, deep learning, and other means; precision feeding technology achieved the whole-process optimization of intelligent feed proportioning, feeding, and consumption monitoring; and breeding management platforms integrated general and personalized functions such as environmental monitoring, remote regulation, and production traceability. At the level of development and exploration, smart breeding, through the in-depth integration of information technology and breeding work, shortened the breeding cycle and improved enterprise benefits; intelligent breeding large models were initially built and accelerated breed improvement. Livestock and poultry live asset loans used information technology to realize the confirmation of rights and data verification of live livestock and poultry assets, which solved the financing problems of breeding enterprises to a certain extent. Currently, the development of smart livestock and poultry was faced with problems such as insufficient accuracy of individual identification, unbalanced digital development, lack of standards, poor platform data sharing, and insufficient breeding models. In response, this paper put forward suggestions such as improving identification accuracy, formulating unified standards, promoting platform sharing, and advancing the development and application of breeding models. With the continuous advancement of technology and changes in breeding needs, the application of information technology in livestock and poultry breeding would become more extensive and in-depth. This paper provides a reference for promoting the high quality and efficient development of the livestock and poultry industry.

The biological mechanisms underlying the invasion and spread of Solidago canadensis were elaborated, along with control strategies and advances in comprehensive utilization. Its invasive spread was attributed to several biological mechanisms, including the formation of polyploid complexes, combination of sexual and asexual reproduction, production of allelochemicals, and synergistic interactions with microorganisms. Integrated management of this invasive plant should be implemented based on its life history and invasion characteristics, combining agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods for comprehensive control. Agricultural control was implemented through tillage, crop rotation, plastic film mulching, and planting competitive species to suppress its growth. Bio-ecological management was carried out by introducing natural enemies or replacement plants to restore ecological diversity. Physical removal (manual uprooting, mechanical excavation) was preferably conducted during the mid-to-late growth stages, with careful attention paid to rhizome treatment to prevent regrowth. Chemical eradication was achieved using herbicides such as glyphosate, applied according to habitat-specific needs to avoid resistance development. Management was implemented in phases with multi-measure coordination, emphasizing ecological safety and sustained control. Regarding comprehensive utilization, the plant was found to be rich in active components (diterpenes, triterpenes) with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, indicating high potential for pharmaceutical development. Its high crude protein and fiber content made it suitable as quality green forage or silage for ruminants like cattle and sheep. The high fiber content also rendered it an ideal raw material for papermaking and fiberboard production, as well as for conversion into biomass energy. Through comprehensive utilization such as materialization, feed production, and substrate application, its invasive impact could be mitigated, achieving both economic and ecological benefits. At present, challenges remain in the control and utilization of this invasive plant, including accelerated spread due to human activities, high costs of existing control technologies, and technical bottlenecks in resource utilization. In the future, an integrated management system combining scientific, policy, and social efforts needs to be established. This article provides a reference for the control and resource utilization of Solidago canadensis.

This article summarized the ecological cultivation techniques for blueberry whole industry chain from aspects such as site selection, soil improvement, variety selection, cultivation, and field management. Considering factors such as sunlight, soil and terrain conditions, priority is given to choosing sunny hillsides or open plains with sufficient sunlight. The soil pH should be between 4.0 and 5.0, and the terrain must be flat and have good drainage. Sulfur powder is applied to adjust the soil pH, and organic materials such as decomposed farmyard manure and peat soil are used to increase the organic matter content of the soil. In cold northern regions, dwarf or semi-highbush blueberry varieties can be chosen; in warm and humid southern regions, southern highbush or rabbiteye blueberry varieties can be planted. The best time for planting blueberries is from December to January of the following year. Pollen trees should be planted in a ratio of 3∶1 or 4∶1 according to the main cultivar and pollinator cultivar. Strengthen field management, apply organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizer, and perform reasonable pruning. Adopt agricultural control measures (preferably using disease-resistant varieties, timely removing diseased and dead plants, etc.), physical control (such as insect traps)and biological control (predatory insects, biological preparations, etc.) measures for green control of diseases and pests. Implement precise harvesting and cold chain transportation. This article provides a reference for the green ecological cultivation of blueberries and the sustainable development of the blueberry industry.

This article systematically expounded the prospects of developing the Camellia oleifera planting industry from 3 aspects: economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. It introduced its biological characteristics from aspects such as botanical features, ecological habits, growth and development characteristics, reproductive ability and adaptability. On this basis, it further summarized the key points of Camellia oleifera cultivation and management techniques and conducts an in-depth analysis of its economic benefits. Tea oil had multiple uses such as food, cosmetics and medicine. The cultivation of Camellia oleifera could increase vegetation coverage and improve local climate. The related industry also promoted the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and employment of rural labor force. This plant was an evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family. It preferred warm and humid environments, enjoyed sunlight, and had strong adaptability and stress resistance. It was widely planted in southern regions and was mainly used for extracting tea oil. The key points of cultivation and management techniques for Camellia oleifera mainly included selecting an area where the climate conditions were suitable for the growth of this plant, scientific land preparation, and selecting high quality varieties with strong disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability. The propagation of Camellia oleifera mainly included seed propagation, cutting propagation, grafting propagation, etc. Single or double row planting was adopted, with a planting density of 80 to 120 plants /667 m². The trees, shrubs, and other plants in the Camellia oleifera forest were regularly removed. The seedlings were watered moderately. Drainage was ensured during the rainy season, and organic fertilizers were applied scientifically. During the young tree stage, mainly shape the trees. During the fruiting period, prune diseased and pest-infested branches, overly dense branches and overgrown branches. Comprehensive control methods should be adopted, including agricultural control (such as removing diseased branches and leaves), biological control (such as releasing natural enemy species of pests), and chemical control. Economic benefit analysis indicated that, the initial investment for Camellia oleifera cultivation was between 1 000 and 2 000 yuan/667 m², the annual management cost was between 1 000 and 1 500 yuan/667 m², and the annual income was between 3 400 and 11 200 yuan/667 m². After deducting the costs, the annual net income was between 1 400 and 8 700 yuan/667 m², demonstrating significant economic benefits. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of the Camellia oleifera industry.

The current application of technologies in grain storage were reviewed, and a grain storage system architecture based on digital twin technology and blockchain was introduced. Current grain storage technologies were evolving toward intelligent and green development. IoT sensors enable real-time collection of multi-dimensional information such as temperature, humidity, pests, and gas concentrations. Wireless technologies like NB-IoT, LoRa, and 5G ensure efficient data transmission, while cloud platforms and AI algorithms support intelligent analysis and early warning. The grain monitoring system based on digital twin technology and blockchain is a grain condition monitoring system. This system collects and transmits grain storage environmental data in real time through the perception and transmission layers. The model layer constructs a virtual representation of the physical grain storage, enabling grain condition prediction and optimized control through multi-source data fusion and simulation. The application layer utilizes AI and big data for analysis and decision-making, and introduces blockchain technology to record the entire data process, ensuring transparency and traceability of information. Its widespread application is currently constrained by multidimensional factors such as technology, cost, collaboration, and system. The next step is to gradually build a new intelligent grain storage system through technological iteration, ecological co construction, and other means.

This study took rose tea, honeysuckle tea and jasmine tea as the research objects, and systematically analyzed the nutritional composition, flavor matching and physiological effects of the 3 kinds of floral teas. In terms of nutritional composition, rose tea was made from dried rose petals and rich in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and mineral elements, which could participate in multiple physiological processes of the human body; honeysuckle tea was a kind of tea with both medicinal and edible values, containing active components such as flavonoids, chlorogenic acids and triterpenoid saponins, and possessing both nutritional and medicinal values; jasmine tea was scented with green tea as the base, rich in functional substances such as tea polyphenols and catechins, with abundant nutritional components. In terms of flavor matching, rose tea had the best compatibility with black tea and white tea, which could form complementary flavors or tastes with distinct layers; honeysuckle tea could be mixed with green tea and chrysanthemum tea; jasmine tea made tea leaves fully absorb the fragrance of jasmine through the scenting process, and the finished product presented greenish soup color and rich fragrance. In terms of physiological effects, rose tea exhibited positive effects in the auxiliary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and bacteriostasis and sterilization, and its core active components could regulate blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid as well as inhibit the proliferation of various pathogenic bacteria; honeysuckle tea had good anti-inflammatory and immune activity, and could assist in inhibiting various pathogenic bacteria and viruses; jasmine tea could play a role in assisting in enhancing the body’s immunity and regulating blood lipid. This study sorted out the characteristics and application advantages of the three kinds of floral teas, and provided references for their daily edible collocation and product research and development.

This article summarized the cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield garlic from aspects such as variety selection, plot selection, land preparation and fertilization, and timely planting. According to different production purposes, suitable superior varieties should be selected. For example, varieties like Lunong Garlic can be chosen for garlic production, while varieties like Ershuizao can be selected for garlic shoots production. Choose land that is loose, fertile, well-drained and well-irrigated. It is not advisable to rotate with crops such as onions and leeks. The optimal time for garlic sowing is from mid-to-late September to early October. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked. Adequate base fertilizer should be applied. The planting depth should be 3 to 5 cm. When the garlic seedlings emerge, promptly remove the film and transplant the seedlings 3 to 5 days later. During the growth period, water and fertilize appropriately, and strengthen the prevention of diseases, pests and weeds. The garlic sprouts should be harvested 40 to 45 days after they start to differentiate. After the garlic sprouts are harvested, the garlic bulbs should be promptly harvested when the temperature rises to 26 ℃ and the plants show mature characteristics. This article provides a reference for the scientific cultivation of garlic.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has a negative impact on the sustainable and healthy development of the pig industry. Developing regional purification is an effective way to control PRRS. This article systematically discusses the characteristics of PRRSV, the current status of PRRS prevention and control, and the research progress of PRRS purification. PRRSV is an enveloped spherical single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with strong mutation and recombination ability, diverse and complex genetic background, and both antibody-dependent enhancement and persistent infection characteristics, making its comprehensive prevention and control difficult. Currently, common prevention and control measures include vaccination and drug treatment. Inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and new vaccines (subunit vaccines, nucleic acid/mRNA vaccines, etc.) can all effectively reduce the risk of PRRSV infection. Natural compounds such as dicoumarol and morin C, as well as Chinese herbal extracts such as Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharides and Isatis indigotica polysaccharides, all have anti-PRRSV effects. Implementing regional purification of PRRS is an important means to control PRRSV. Currently, most pig farms are actively exploring the establishment of PRRS purification models for large-scale farms, and the number of successfully purified PRRS farms is increasing year by year. PRRS regional purification includes improving the biosecurity system through measures such as physical isolation, personnel control, material disinfection, and harmless treatment; selecting appropriate purification strategies such as thorough depopulation and repopulation, testing and culling, and closed purification, while also supplemented by regular and continuous testing to ensure and consolidate the purification results. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control and purification of PRRS.

Sanghuang is a traditional medicinal fungus, mainly including 4 common species: Sanghuangporus sanghuang, Sanghuangporus vaninii, Sanghuangporus baumii and Inonotus hispidus. To clarify the differences in their main active components and the adaptability of their extraction processes, this study systematically reviews the pharmacological effects of the 3 main active components (polysaccharides, polyphenols and terpenoids) and the characteristics of their corresponding extraction processes. The results showed that Sanghuang polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities; Sanghuang polyphenols mainly displayed antioxidant, anti-tumor and hypoglycemic effects, among which the polyphenols from Sanghuangporus baumii had potential value for dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes; Sanghuang terpenoids focused on antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. In terms of extraction processes, the ultrasonic-hot water synergistic method and enzymatic method achieved relatively high yields (1.3%-5.5%) in polysaccharide extraction and were suitable for the preparation of high-purity polysaccharides; as an emerging green technology, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) method for polyphenol extraction obtained an extraction rate 1.5-1.9 times that of traditional methods; the ultrasonic-ethanol method and in-situ extraction fermentation method (with a yield of 14-19 g/L) showed strong applicability in terpenoid extraction. In conclusion, this study clarified the characteristics of active components and the adaptability of extraction processes among different Sanghuang species, sorted out the features and application scenarios of various extraction methods, and provided references for the efficient development and utilization of Sanghuang resources.

Combined with the actual planting conditions and practical production experience of strawberry in Northern Anhui Province, this paper summarized the key technologies for its early maturing and high yield from the aspects of variety selection and seedling treatment, soil management, field planting and hormonal growth regulation, environmental control, plant regulation, as well as disease and pest prevention and control strategies. The specific techniques are as follows: selecting strawberry varieties (Hongyan, Miaoxiang No.7) with characteristics of early maturing, high yield, low temperature tolerance, shade tolerance and high humidity resistance; using virus-free first-generation seedlings (with fresh weight ≥ 25 g, plant height ≥ 20 cm, plump terminal buds and no pests or diseases); transplanting the seedlings into nutrient pots for a 10-day heeling-in treatment, followed by a 20-day low-temperature cold storage treatment, during which natural light or LED supplementary lighting in the storage should be rationally applied; conducting solar thermal disinfection or chemical disinfection on the soil before planting, and implementing reasonable crop rotation in the planting area to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles; performing root dipping treatment with 24% Jinggangmycin A 1 000-fold dilution solution combined with 25% prochloraz 500-fold dilution solution prior to field planting, and carrying out field planting from August 15 to 20; spraying an appropriate amount of 15% paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃) wettable powder 20 days after field planting to control plant growth; reasonably regulating temperature, humidity, light intensity and fertilizer application during the growth period, and conducting the removal of old, weak and diseased leaves as well as stolons, flower and fruit thinning, and pollination on the plants; following the plant protection principle of prevention first and integrated control in the process of pest and disease management, and adopting a combination of physical, biological and chemical control methods. This study provides a reference for the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of the strawberry industry and the high quality development of regional characteristic agriculture in Northern Anhui Province and similar regions.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

This study took the 2019–2023 crop yield data of Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province as the research object, combined with parameters such as the straw-to-grain ratio and collection coefficient, constructed estimation models for the collectible amount of straw as well as the value of straw for fertilizer and fuel purposes, systematically calculated the cost-benefit of different utilization methods (fertilizer, fuel, feed, substrate, and raw material), and proposed optimization measures based on the regional utilization status. The results showed that the collectible amount of straw in the study area showed a steady growth trend, reaching 1.224 5 million tons in 2023; the potential economic value of straw utilization for biogas production was the highest (1.647 billion yuan), if all the biogas was utilized, the theoretical calculation showed that the average income of cultivated land will increase by 13 218 yuan per hectare. The comprehensive utilization rate of straw was 95.2%, and the utilization structure was dominated by fertilizer use (accounting for 77.22%). Cost-benefit analysis indicated that the net benefit of straw utilization as feed was the highest (117.5 yuan per ton), while the utilization of straw for power generation, biogas production, and papermaking was greatly affected by factors such as technology and market conditions. The study area had great potential for straw resource utilization, but there were problems such as unbalanced utilization structure and low industrialization level of off-field straw utilization in some areas. It was suggested to promote the diversified comprehensive off-field utilization of straw and contribute to agricultural sustainable development by improving the straw collection, storage, and transportation system, cultivating demonstration enterprises, and popularizing high-efficiency utilization technologies. This paper provided a reference for the diversified comprehensive utilization of straw at the county level and the sustainable development of agriculture.

This article summarized the ultra-high ridge cultivation technology for greenhouse strawberries from aspects such as the selection and management of production bases, facilities and equipment, substrate selection and disinfection, variety selection and production seedling transplantation, field management, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage transportation. The production base should be selected on a site with convenient transportation, far away from pollution sources and with suitable soil physical and chemical properties. A separate irrigation and drainage management system should be established, and regular environmental condition monitoring should be conducted for newly established production bases. Choose good quality solar greenhouses or asymmetrical plastic double-layer greenhouses, and establish ultra-high ridge and drip irrigation equipment. Using a cultivation medium composed of peat, coconut coir and perlite in a 3∶2∶2 (by volume) ratio, it is advisable to conduct in-situ disinfection of the old medium in June or July. High yield and high quality varieties with strong disease resistance and stress tolerance, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, are selected and planted in a “character” pattern. Field management is carried out according to the temperature, light, water and fertilizer requirements of strawberries at different growth stages. Agricultural control, physical control and biological control are adopted for strawberries pest and disease prevention, chemical control follows the “dual prevention” principle for pesticide application, and precisely controls the safe interval period for pesticides. When harvesting, attention should be paid to the maturity of the strawberries, and they should be refrigerated and transported. This article provides a reference for the application and promotion of ultra-high ridge cultivation of strawberries.

This article systematically expounds the large-scale planting technology of Sarcandra glabra under the forest from aspects such as forest land selection, land preparation and fertilization, and seedling selection, and analyzes its economic, social and ecological benefits. In terms of forest land selection, moist and shady forest stands with a canopy density of 0.6 to 0.8 should be chosen. In terms of land preparation and fertilization, for strip land preparation, dig planting holes with a length × width × height of 20 cm×20 cm×10 cm, and apply 195 g/m² organic fertilizer at the base. In terms of seedling selection, choose disease-free and pest-free strong seedlings with a height of over 20 cm, a ground diameter of no less than 0.2 cm, a root length of over 10 cm, and no fewer than 8 root systems. In terms of planting time and density, a planting density of 25.00 plants/m² is adopted, and 5 g of compound fertilizer is applied per plant. In terms of nurturing and management, after planting, water thoroughly to establish roots. Regularly cultivate and weed, and apply urea at a rate of 90-105 kg/hm² by watering or spreading after rain. In terms of light management, regulating the canopy density under the forest, and avoiding strong light; in terms of pest and disease control, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides should be scientifically selected for pest and disease control. In terms of harvesting and preservation, follow the principle of cutting large and leaving small. Harvest the seeds at a height of 5 to 10 cm above the ground. After drying and storing the seeds, soak them in warm water for 24 hours to germinate and then sow. The benefit analysis indicates that the economic benefits (with an output value generally ranging from 3 000-4 000 yuan/667 m²), ecological benefits (such as regulating the local microclimate, improving soil structure and fertility, etc.) and social benefits (promoting the coordinated development of regional characteristic agriculture) of planting Sarcandra glabra under the forests are remarkable. This article aims to provide a reference for the large-scale and standardized development of the forest herb coral industry.

An in-depth analysis of the current development status of the rice industry in Anhui Province was conducted, key challenges were identified, and targeted recommendations were proposed. In Anhui Province, the sown area of rice remained stable, with gradual increases observed in both yield per unit area and total output. Regional distribution was progressively optimized, and continuous improvements were made in planting patterns and variety structure. Technological support was strengthened, leading to significant advancements in production techniques. The rice industry chain was further refined, and initial progress was achieved in brand development. Key challenges requiring attention included production infrastructure, scientific and technological support, the rice industry chain, and profitability of rice cultivation. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were proposed: infrastructure development and risk management were enhanced through the construction of high-standard farmland and the establishment of an intelligent meteorological disaster monitoring system; technological integration and promotion were accelerated by applying green, high quality, and efficient techniques such as side-deep fertilization, green pest control, and integrated rice farming; full-industry chain integration was promoted through contract farming, deep processing, and brand building to enhance product value; new quality productive forces in rice production were fostered by advancing research in biotechnology breeding, intelligent agricultural machinery, and smart farming technologies; building a diversified and complementary modern agricultural technology promotion and socialized service system. This study provided references for promoting high quality and high efficient development of the rice industry in Anhui Province.

This article summarized and analyzed the main factors affecting the formation of flavor compounds in black tea from 3 aspects: tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology. In terms of tea varieties, the genetic characteristics of different tea plant cultivars were found to shape the specific aroma profiles and flavor styles of black tea. Regarding the growing environment, altitude influenced tea plant metabolism through diurnal temperature variations, with black tea grown at higher altitudes（above 800 m）generally exhibiting superior flavor. Light quality and photoperiod, were shown to activate specific enzyme systems, promoting the synthesis of theaflavins and the formation of aroma precursors such as esters. Soil pH（optimal range 4.5-5.5）, nutrients（e.g., potassium, phosphorus, magnesium）, and microbial communities jointly regulated root development and secondary metabolism in tea plants, directly affecting the content and ratio of flavor compounds such as tea polyphenols. In terms of processing techniques, key processing techniques such as withering, rolling, fermentation, and drying are used to synergistically regulate the flavor compounds of black tea. Optimal combination of suitable process parameters （e.g., withering moisture loss rate of 60%-65%, rolling duration of 40-60 min, fermentation temperature of 25 ℃）was found to improve the color, aroma, taste, and storage performance of the tea infusion. The synergistic effect of tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology helps to stabilize and improve the flavor compounds of black tea, thereby enhancing its quality.

To screen high and stable yield maize varieties suitable for Mengcheng County, growth period, agronomic characteristics, stress resistance and yield indices of 22 maize varieties including Quanke 785 were determined using random sampling method, in accordance with NY/T 1209—2020 Code of Practice for Crop Variety Test and Information Technology - Maize. The results showed that, compared with the control variety Xindan 58 (CK), Denghai 1976 and Yueliang 660 had longer growth periods, while Jingnongke 458 had a shorter growth period. Plant height of each variety ranged from 204 to 274 cm. Among which, Jingnongke 458, Ganyu 331, Xinrui 25 and Jinghua 830 exhibited moderate plant heights ranging from 230 to 260 cm. The grain yields of Jingnongke 458, Longding 728, Xinrui 25, Ludan 510, Hanyu 919, Xindan 58, Jinghua 830 and Yueliang 660 were higher than 85%. Kangnongyu 8009 showed severe lodging. Among all tested varieties, Jingnongke 458 had the highest yield (478.8 kg/667 m²), whereas Ludan 510 had the lowest yield (301.4 kg/667 m²). Comprehensive evaluation indicated that a total of 6 varieties, namely Jingnongke 458, Jinghua 830, Yueliang 660, Xinrui 25, Ganyu 331 and Zhongbo 919, performed well comprehensively and could be popularized according to the actual production conditions in the study area.

The cultivation techniques for rice in the Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province were elaborated from 4 aspects: variety selection, strong seedling cultivation, field management, and harvesting and drying. In the study area, varieties could be reasonably selected based on consumer preferences and ecological conditions, prioritizing those with moderate growth duration, strong stress resistance, high yield, and good quality. Examples include japonica varieties such as Huajing No.5 and Shengdao 22, and indica varieties such as Quanliangyou 087 and Huiliangyou 898. During the strong seedling cultivation stage, standardized measures for seed treatment, seedbed preparation, precision sowing, and water and fertilizer management should be implemented. Healthy seedlings are cultivated through chemical seed soaking, timely sowing, and pest and disease control. In the field management stage, fine land preparation, sufficient base fertilizer application, and soil-sealing herbicide treatment are carried out before transplanting. During the tillering stage, shallow water irrigation, early tillering fertilizer application, and timely moderate field drying are implemented. At the jointing and booting stage, panicle fertilizer is applied precisely based on leaf age, and alternate wetting and drying water management is adopted. During the heading, flowering, grain filling, and maturation stages, a shallow water layer is maintained, with a focus on preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as false smut, and brown planthopper. During the harvesting and drying stage, rice is harvested at maturity when the panicles turn yellow but before lodging occurs. Drying should be carried out on sunny days, with grains spread thinly and evenly on flat, ventilated surfaces and frequently turned. After drying, the grains should be promptly bagged and stored in a dry environment. By comprehensively applying the above techniques, rice yield and quality can be effectively improved, ensuring safe rice production in the region.

This paper summarized the current research status and key focus areas of biogas slurry resource utilization and proposed targeted countermeasures on this basis. Biogas slurry can be used as fertilizer, seed soaking solution, culture medium, and breeding feed to improve the yield and quality of crops, livestock, and fish. However, there remain several aspects to be improved in the current resource utilization of biogas slurry: the technologies and economic feasibility associated with its high-efficiency treatment and high-value-added utilization are not yet mature; its composition and output are greatly affected by the supply and type of raw materials, and there exist temporal and spatial differences between its continuous production and agricultural demand; biogas slurry may contain heavy metal contamination such as copper, zinc and iron; and insufficient market demand is caused by its low nutrient content and inconvenience in application. To solve the above problems, this paper proposed the following strategies: adopting physical, chemical, and other technical means, establishing monitoring systems, and optimizing resource allocation to improve the quality of biogas slurry; exploring new applications of biogas slurry in crop cultivation, forestry, aquaculture, and other fields to expand its application scope; prioritizing the selection of raw materials with low heavy metal content and strictly controlling the application rate of biogas slurry to strengthen basic detection; strengthening the promotion and support for projects of biogas slurry resource utilization technology, as well as organizing training courses and on-site observation meetings to strengthen support, publicity, and guidance, and this paper ultimately provides a reference for the efficient utilization of biogas slurry.

Fusarium head blight, as one of the major diseases of wheat, significantly impacts both yield and quality. This study systematically reviewed the pathogen characteristics, occurrence patterns, disease development conditions, and associated hazards of Fusarium head blight, while proposed scientifically prevention and control strategies. The primary pathogen of Fusarium head blight was identified as fungi of the Fusarium genus, which have a wide range of hosts and strong pathogenic and spreading abilities. Wheat was most susceptible during the flowering to heading stages, and disease epidemics were strongly influenced by temperature and humidity. Persistent rainy weather and temperatures of 20-25 ℃ were found to favor disease development. The damage caused by head blight manifested as seedling rot, crown rot, stem rot, and head blight. Among these, head blight directly reduced yield and quality, and infected grains could produce deoxynivalenol, posing a threat to human and animal health. Based on the disease occurrence patterns and characteristics, control measures were proposed. These included the management of soil and crop residues to eliminate or reduce pathogens, the selection of disease-resistant or tolerant varieties such as Yangmai 28, the implementation of scientific field management practices (e.g., rational planting density and water-fertilizer regulation), precise spraying of beneficial bacterial agents such as Bacillus during the flowering period, and the judicious application of agents such as 50% carbendazim during the wheat heading and flowering stages. This study provided a reference for sustainable wheat production.

The green and efficient cultivation techniques for the spring Glycine max-autumn Brassica rapa rotation system was summarized in the Jianghan Plain area. In this model, spring Glycine max was direct-seeded in open fields in mid-March and harvested from June to July, while autumn Brassica rapa was nursery-raised in mid-July, transplanted in mid-August, and harvested continuously from September to February of the following year. The spring Glycine max cultivation techniques include: selecting cold-tolerant, disease-resistant, high-quality varieties (Taiwan 75-3); choosing fields with non-legume and non-cruciferous previous crops; applying sufficient decomposed organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer as base fertilizer; finely preparing land and constructing deep-trench high-ridges; seeding precisely using narrow-ridge double-row or wide-ridge four-row methods after seed dressing with chemicals; adhering to the “dry flowers, moist pods” water management principle during field management, with scientific topdressing at the seedling, initial flowering, and pod-filling stages; comprehensive use of agricultural methods (selecting disease resistant varieties, reasonable planting), physical methods (hanging insect traps), and chemical methods (20% imidacloprid, 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole) to control pests and diseases such as aphids, pod borers, and rust; pods were harvested when they were plump and bright green, and plant residues were either treated harmlessly or returned to the field. The autumn Brassica rapa cultivation techniques include: selecting suitable varieties (Jingyoulianghong series); nursery-raising under rain-shelter and shading in summer; applying sufficient base fertilizer after Glycine max straw incorporation, followed by high-ridge transplanting; topdressing in stages combined with irrigation after seedling recovery, at bud emergence, and during stem harvesting; implementing integrated measures to control diseases and pests such as soft rot, downy mildew, aphids, and flea beetles; harvesting when the main stem reaches 30 cm; and standardizing post-harvest bundling, pre-cooling, and packaging to maintain product quality. This rotation model achieves year-round high yield, improved quality and efficiency, and sustainable soil use of Glycine max and Brassica rapa, provides a reference for efficient legume and vegetable production in similar ecological regions.

To explore a method for appearance characteristics and quality identification of freshly cured tobacco leaves from major flue-cured tobacco varieties in Shandong tobacco growing areas, this study compared and analyzed 6 varieties: Yunyan 301, NC55, Yunyan 87, Zhongchuan 208, KRK26, and Yunyan 105, based on aspects such as appearance quality, chemical composition, and sensory evaluation. In terms of appearance quality, significant differences were observed among varieties in leaf shape, color, tissue structure, and vein characteristics. As the leaf position increased, the leaf shape of all varieties tended to become narrower, with the length-to-width ratio ranked as follows: NC55 > Yunyan 301 > KRK26 > Yunyan 87 > Yunyan 105 > Zhongchuan 208. Yunyan 301, NC55, Yunyan 87, and KRK26 exhibited bright colors, primarily in orange-yellow hues, while Yunyan 105 and Zhongchuan 208 displayed darker colors, mainly in lemon-yellow hues. The tissue structure of KRK26 was relatively fine across all leaf positions, whereas Yunyan 301 and NC55 showed finer texture in the middle and lower leaves but slightly coarser texture in the upper leaves. Yunyan 105 was generally loose and coarse, while Zhongchuan 208 exhibited a finer texture in the middle and upper leaves. Regarding chemical composition, nicotine content was found to increase with higher leaf positions. The contents of reducing sugars and total nitrogen varied significantly among varieties and leaf positions. Zhongchuan 208 showed higher reducing sugar content but a lower potassium-to-chloride ratio. KRK26 achieved the highest scores for chemical composition coordination in the lower, middle, and upper leaves, indicating better balance in its chemical profile. In sensory evaluation, KRK26 demonstrated comprehensive excellence, with higher scores across all leaf positions in key indicators such as aroma quality, aroma volume, impurity control, irritation control, and concentration, making it the variety with the optimal overall sensory quality. NC55 and Yunyan 87 also performed well. The aroma quality and aroma volume of all varieties generally improved with higher leaf positions. Impurity control was better in middle leaves compared to lower leaves, while upper leaves exhibited enhanced strength. This article analyzed the appearance characteristics and quality of the first roasted tobacco leaves of the main tobacco varieties planted in Shandong tobacco growing areas, provide a reference for improving the homogenization level of tobacco leaves.

To screen high quality and distinctive flue-cured tobacco varieties to meet the diverse raw material demands of the cigarette industry, this study conducted comparative experiments of different varieties in the eastern (Qingdao City) and central (Jinan City) tobacco-growing regions of Shandong Province in 2022. In the eastern tobacco-growing area, 6 tobacco varieties including Zhongchuan 208 were taken as the test materials, while in the central tobacco-growing area, 8 tobacco varieties including Yunyan 301 were taken as the test materials. The growth period, agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation in leaves and other indicators of each variety were determined. The results showed that, in terms of the growth and development status of tobacco plants, disease resistance and economic traits of tobacco leaves, in the eastern tobacco-growing area, the tobacco plants of Zhongyantexiang 301 and Yunyan 301 had vigorous growth, large dry matter accumulation, strong disease resistance and good economic traits. The performance of Zhongyan 101, NC55 and Zhongyan 100 was relatively poor. In the central tobacco-growing area, the performance of Zhongyantexiang 301 and Yunyan 301 was relatively good, while the performance of NC55 and CF233 was not satisfactory. In terms of tobacco leaf quality, in the eastern tobacco-growing areas, NC55 and Yunyan 301 had good chemical composition harmony, and had relatively high sensory evaluation scores. The tobacco leaves of Zhongyan 101 and Zhongyan 100 were of poor quality. In the central tobacco-growing area, the tobacco leaves of Yunyan 301 and NC55 were of better quality, while those of Zhongchuan 208, Zhongyantexiang 301, CF233 and Gaozhetangzhi K326 were of poorer quality. Based on the actual production situation in the tobacco-growing areas, the main promoted varieties in the eastern tobacco-growing area are Zhongyanyantexiang 301 and Yunyan 301, with NC55 as the reserve variety. For the central tobacco-growing area, it is recommended to take NC55 and Yunyan 301 as the main promoted varieties, with Zhongyantexiang 301 as the backup variety.

Keliangyou 8612 is a high quality and high yield hybrid rice variety of indica type with two lines. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 (National Approved Rice 20210283). This variety demonstrated for planting in 2023-2024, with a total growth period of about 136 days, strong tillering ability, and lodging resistance; the average yield was 600-650 kg/667 m². This article summarized the key points of factory based seedling and cultivation techniques for Keliangyou 8612. The seedling cultivation process includes soaking and disinfecting the seeds, high-temperature germination, using specialized substrates with pH 5.8-6.2, and stacking and darkening to promote uniform seedling growth; the paddy field is controlled by temperature and humidity in stages, with spraying of paclobutrazol and topdressing at the stage of 2 leaves and 1 heart. The seedlings are transplanted at 18-24 days of age. In terms of field management, deep plowing and leveling, reasonable and dense planting; water management follows the principle of “shallow water for living trees, sufficient seedlings for sun drying, and moist irrigation”; apply fertilizer to promote tillering during the tillering stage, bake the field in a timely manner, supplement plump stems according to the seedling situation during the jointing stage, and apply ear fertilizer twice during the panicle stage; based on disease and pest monitoring throughout the entire growth period, focus on preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as rice planthoppers and sheath blight; by measures such as sun drying, increasing potassium, adjusting sowing time, irrigating deep water, and spraying foliar fertilizer, we can defend against lodging, high temperature, and low temperature damage. In terms of harvesting and storage, timely mechanical harvesting is carried out, and the rice is dried to a moisture content of less than 14% before being stored in a ventilated and moisture-proof warehouse. This article provides reference for further promotion and planting of Keliangyou 8612.

To understand the epidemiological characteristics of Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was used to detect DIV1 in 320 M. rosenbergii samples collected in four quarters of 2023 and 2024. The survey results showed that the positive detection rates in 2023 and the first quarter of 2024 were 0 and 6.67%, respectively; the positive detection rates in the second quarter were 22.86% and 3.70%, respectively; those in the third quarter were 5.88% and 5.26%, respectively; and those in the fourth quarter were 25.00% and 24.49%, respectively. These results indicated that there is a certain prevalence risk of DIV1 in M. rosenbergii in this region. A white triangular area under the cephalothorax carapace of most diseased shrimp is a typical clinical indicator of DIV1 infection, whose occurrence is closely related to the culture environment (temperature, water quality) and animal nutritional status. Therefore, comprehensive regulation of the interactions among pathogens, aquatic animals and water environment and establishment of a healthy green culture system are necessary for effective DIV1 prevention and control. This paper provides a reference for DIV1 in M. rosenbergii investigation and control in relevant regions.

To explore a planting model that could realize the efficient utilization of riverine small watersheds and the synergistic improvement of multiple benefits, this study took the areas on both sides of Pugou in Tianqi Village, Sangying Town, Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province as the implementation site (33°32′39″ N, 115°36′26″ E), where the site conditions were suitable for the three-dimensional cultivation of Carya illinoinensis, Artemisia argyi and Nelumbo nucifera. Based on this, the study used Carya illinoinensis (woody oil crop), Artemisia argyi (aromatic plant/traditional Chinese medicinal material) and Nelumbo nucifera (aquatic plant) as test materials, and constructed a new three-dimensional compound cultivation model of “woody oil crop + aromatic plant + aquatic plant”. It carried out systematic research on core technologies including variety selection, site selection and soil preparation, key cultivation and management, as well as integrated pest and disease control. The suitable varieties of each species, site adaptation parameters, key points of cultivation and tending management, and the pest and disease control system featuring “prevention first and integrated management” were clarified. This study aimed to verify the feasibility of this compound cultivation system, maximize the improvement of space utilization efficiency, achieve the synergistic enhancement of economic, social and ecological benefits, and provide a reference for the optimization of planting structure in similar river small watersheds and regions with comparable site conditions.

To study the adaptability of different tobacco varieties (lines) in the Fuyuan tobacco region of Yunnan Province, the main cultivated varieties K326 and Yunyan 87 were used as control varieties. The growth periods, field natural disease conditions, main agronomic traits, economic traits, and appearance quality of three tobacco varieties (lines) namely YN222, GZ42 and YN224 were analyzed. The results showed that the GZ42 variety had the longest field growth period (110 days), while the Yunyan 87 variety had the shortest (105 days). There were differences in plant morphology and leaf shape among the three varieties (lines). The field uniformity of all 3 varieties was uniform, and the maturity characteristics were all layering and yellowing. The comprehensive agronomic traits of YN222 were better, with a mild occurrence of weather fleck, tomato spotted wilt virus, and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The yield (2 464.65 kg/hm²), output value (64 795.65 yuan/hm²), and the proportion of medium and upper-grade tobacco (88.93%) were all the highest. All varieties (lines) of tobacco after curing had an orange-yellow color, and the maturity was all mature. YN222 had stronger luster and a high level of oil content, and the weight of a single leaf was moderately high, at 12.17 g. In summary, YN222 performs the best in the production trial comparison, and all indicators are superior to the main control variety K326 and the secondary control variety Yunyan 87, and has strong promotion value.

To clarify the control efficacy of 10 fungicides including 25% prothioconazole·pyraclostrobin suspension concentrate (SC) against wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), using Yangmai 25 as the test variety and following a randomized block design, a total of 11 treatments were set up, which included clear water control, 25% prothioconazole·pyraclostrobin SC at 900 mL/hm² (T1), 30% prothioconazole·azoxystrobin SC at 750 mL/hm² (T2) and 30% prothioconazole·trifloxystrobin SC at 750 mL/hm² (T3), 40% prothioconazole·tebuconazole SC (Jiuyi) at 600 mL/hm² (T4), 40% prothioconazole·tebuconazole SC (Zhongnan) at 750 mL/hm² (T5), 30% prothioconazole OD at 675 mL/hm² (T6), 75% prothioconazole WG at 255 g/hm² (T7), 480 g/L fenoxanil·tebuconazole SC at 900 mL/hm² (T8), 200 g/L fluxapyroxad SC at 975 mL/hm² (T9), and 275 g/L fluxapyroxad·propiconazole SC at 1 200 mL/hm² (T10), and fungicide applications were performed twice, respectively at the early flowering stage of wheat (the first application) and 7 days after the initial spray (the second application), followed by investigations on the safety of each treatment to wheat and the field control efficacy against FHB. The results showed that all treatments were safe for wheat growth, the diseased spike rates of treatments T1 to T10 ranged from 2.35% to 7.85%, the diseased spike control efficacy was ranked in a descending order as follows: T9 > T6 > T5 > T10 > T4 > T7 > T1 > T2 > T3 > T8, and the control efficacy against disease index varied from 89.88% to 97.22%, among which treatment T9 achieved the highest efficacy while treatment T8 had the lowest one. In conclusion, all the tested fungicides are suitable for the field control of wheat FHB, but rotational application is recommended, so as to ensure the control efficacy and delay the development of resistance in Fusarium pathogens.

The breeding process, characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of Tianyikemai No.10 were summarized, a wheat variety developed through pedigree selection using Zhongmai 895 as the female parent and Huachengmai 1688 as the male parent. It was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenmai 2024T019). Results from two-year regional trials and one-year production trials demonstrated that this variety exhibits moderate tillering and panicle formation efficiency, favorable maturity appearance, and an average yield of 9 537.50 kg/hm². Classified as a medium-gluten wheat variety, it shows moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight and susceptibility to sheath blight. For cultivation in the regions along the Huai River and in Northern Anhui, key techniques include deep plowing and rotary tillage for fine land preparation, sowing during the optimal period from October 10 to 25 at a seeding rate of 135-150 kg/hm², and a sowing depth of 3-5 cm. Scientific fertilizer management involves precise application of reviving fertilizer, jointing fertilizer, and grain-filling fertilizer, with supplemental nitrogen and foliar fertilizers adjusted according to seedling conditions. Water management emphasizes sowing under adequate soil moisture, along with timely winter irrigation and irrigation during the jointing and booting stages. Pest, disease, and weed control prioritize prevention, including removal of pathogen sources before sowing and targeted management of rust, Fusarium head blight, aphids, and weeds during the growth period. Precise pesticide application during critical stages is recommended. Mechanical harvesting should be conducted at the late wax-ripening stage, and grains can be safely stored when moisture content drops below 13%. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in suitable regions.

Liangxing 77 was used as the test wheat cultivar, and the field efficacy trials were conducted in Yinma Town (A), Fuchun Town (B) and Yanshi Town (C) of Juancheng County, Shandong Province. 4 treatments were set up, including 40% carbendazim SC at 1 875 g/hm² (T1), 430 g/L tebuconazole SC at 450 g/hm² (T2), 25% phenamacril SC at 2 400 g/hm² (T3), and water control (CK), with the first and second pesticide applications carried out on April 25 and 29, 2022, respectively, followed by investigations of the incidence of diseased spikes, control efficacy against diseased spikes, disease index, and control efficacy based on disease index for each treatment; strains were isolated, collected and identified from sites A, B and C in 2023 and 2024, and after activation, the tested strains were inoculated onto drug-free potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (control plates) and drug-containing PDA medium (treatment plates) to determine the resistance frequency for evaluating the resistance level of Fusarium graminearum; the results showed that across the three test sites, the incidence of diseased spikes and disease index of all chemical treatments followed the order of T1 > T2 > T3, whereas the control efficacy against diseased spikes and that based on disease index showed the opposite order of T3 > T2 > T1; the resistance frequency of the pathogen causing wheat Fusarium head blight to carbendazim exceeded 50% in sites A and C (except for site C in 2024), that to tebuconazole was relatively high in site A, while the overall resistance frequency to phenamacril was low; correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between the pathogen resistance level and the field control efficacy of the fungicides, and this study provides a theoretical basis for the sustainable control of wheat Fusarium head blight, recommending the rotation of fungicides with high efficacy and low resistance risk as well as the strengthening of resistance monitoring and rational application of fungicides with emerging resistance trends.

This paper summarized the key standardized maintenance techniques for roses from the aspects of soil environment, water and fertilizer management, pruning, disease and pest control, and plant rejuvenation and renewal. Roses were suitable for growing in well‑drained soil rich in organic matter with a pH of 6.0–7.0. Water and fertilizer management followed the principle of keeping the soil moist but not waterlogged; root irrigation was adopted, and fertilizers were rationally formulated according to the growth cycle. Pruning was conducted at different times according to rose types. Plant form and ventilation and light transmission were optimized by removing diseased and insect‑infested branches and crossing branches, and plant shaping and growth recovery were realized through a combination of heavy and light pruning. The occurrence regularity and integrated control measures of 3 main diseases (powdery mildew, rust, black spot) and 3 main insect pests (aphids, red spiders, thrips) were highlighted, which were controlled by the combination of agricultural practices and chemical pesticides. For aged plants and weak seedlings, measures such as heavy short pruning and bud removal with leaves retained were adopted respectively to promote plant rejuvenation. This paper provides a reference for the standardized maintenance of roses.

This paper summarized the key technical points of Shine Muscat grape cultivation, including shed construction, scientific fertilization, and green pest control, based on cultivation practices in Leiyang City, Hunan Province, and the application effects of these techniques were analyzed. 3-year-old or older vigorous plants were selected for cultivation, and the planting spacing was set at 2 m×3 m. A drip-free film rain shelter was constructed from late March to early April, with a roof height of 2.55-2.60 m and a width of 2.3 m. In terms of fertilization, organic fertilizer at 5 000-6 000 kg/667 m² and microbial fertilizer at 40 kg/667 m² were applied as base fertilizer, combined with deep tillage to improve soil structure. Topdressing was applied with an organic-to-inorganic nitrogen ratio of 1∶1, and amino acid water-soluble fertilizer was sprayed on the leaves during the fruit expansion stage. A drip irrigation system was adopted, and the soil relative humidity was maintained at 60%-70%. A “T”-shaped trunk with double arms was used for tree training, with 3 000-3 600 new shoots retained per 667 m². Flower thinning was conducted at a fruiting-to-vegetative branch ratio of 1∶1, and the top 1/5 to 1/4 of each inflorescence was removed. Each plant was kept with 20-30 fruit clusters. In mid-to-late May, the fruits were sprayed with fungicides and bagged, and the bags were removed 10 days before harvest. Disease and pest control was carried out through integrated agricultural (field sanitation, pruning, mulching), physical (insect-proof nets, sticky traps), and chemical (bordeaux mixture, phoxim, etc.) measures. The technology demonstration was conducted in 2025 at a family farm in Leiyang City. The results showed that under this cultivation model, the grape yield reached 2 242 kg/667 m², the rate of first-grade fruits was 78%, the soluble solids content of the fruits ranged from 18.5% to 20.0%, and the net profit was 4 905.4 yuan/667 m². Moreover, this technology had a positive demonstration and driving effect on local growers. This paper provides a reference for the standardized development of the regional grape industry.

To study the yield-increasing effect of integrated cultivation on sesame in the Huang-Huai Region, 7 sesame varieties with good performance in this area, namely Fuzhi 006, Fuzhi 125 and Zhuzhi 21, were selected. With conventional management as the control, a high yield cultivation technology model was set up, including pre-sowing seed treatment with chemicals + control of wilt disease and stem-end blight during the seedling stage + control of leaf spot disease during the flowering and fruiting stage. The initial capsule height, phenological periods, plant growth conditions, main economic traits, disease resistance and yield of each sesame variety under different technology models were measured. The results showed that compared with conventional management, the sesame growth stage under the high yield cultivation technology mode was shortened (86-98 days), and its economic traits were better (for Fuzhi 125, the tip length of the empty shoot was 8.1 cm, the number of capsules per plant was 104.2, and the weight per plant was 12.2 g; for Fuzhi 9, the initial capsule position was 8.3 nodes and the effective fruit number was 22.1). It had high resistance to stem tip blight and wilt disease, and the yield was significantly increased (1 848.00-2 187.50 kg/hm²). In conclusion, the application of high yield cultivation techniques can shorten the phenological period, promote plant growth and enhance disease resistance, and increase yield, thereby enhancing the economic benefits of large-scale sesame cultivation.

Based on the practice of chestnut disease and pest control in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, the types and damage conditions of chestnut diseases and pests in this area, as well as the symptoms, occurrence patterns and comprehensive control measures of major diseases and pests such as Cryphonectria parasitica, Septobasidium bogoriense and Mechoris ursulus were analyzed. According to the causes of their occurrence, targeted control strategies were proposed. The results showed that there were a total of 28 major diseases and pests in the chestnut orchards of the study area, including 7 diseases and 21 pests. The main diseases were Cryphonectria parasitica, Septobasidium bogoriense and Phyllactinia corylea, while the main pests were Mechoris ursulus, Curculio davidi, Dryocosmus kuriphilus and Kemes roboris, which occurred relatively seriously. Cryphonectria parasitica often occurred on the branches and trunks. The diseased spots were raised and irregularly reddish-brown. It usually occurred in summer. Timely pruning and burning of the diseased branches, combined with chemical control, could effectively prevent and controlled this disease. The affected area of the Septobasidium bogoriense was nearly round and had three typical symptoms: gray, brown and brownish-yellow. Keeping the chestnut orchard well-ventilated and well-lit, and applying vaseline to the affected area can suppress it. Phyllactinia corylea mainly affects leaves, buds and young branches. After the white mycelium layer, yellow lesions form. It begins to infect in spring and forms closed capsule shells in August and September. Diseased branches in the garden should be removed in autumn and winter. Spraying pesticides during the spring bud break can prevent the disease. The adult of the Mechoris ursulus laid eggs on young fruit branches. From mid to late May to early June, it fed on the young chestnut husks. Its false death could be used to scare the adult and shake it off for concentrated control. The fruits were eaten by Curculio davidi young insects. Adult insects started to cause damage in early August. From September to November, the chestnut buds that had fallen to the ground were picked up and burned or buried deep. In early April, the larvae of the Dryocosmus kuriphilus attacked chestnut buds and leaves. The affected areas present as tumor-like galls. The galls could be removed and destroyed in a centralized manner from April to May. The female and nymphs of the Kemes roboris damaged the main branches and tips. From early April to mid-May, the female adult insects on the branches and trunks should be manually removed, and the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened. The chestnut orchard in this area needs improvement in terms of tree species structure, farmers’ awareness of prevention and control professional forces. Strategies such as planting disease-resistant varieties, strengthening prevention and control publicity and technical training, and cultivating new industrial mechanisms have been proposed to provide references for the healthy development of the chestnut industry.

Based on a case of power outage failure in the environmental control system at a large‑scale broiler farm in Shangnan County, Shaanxi Province, on March 5, 2025, methods such as on-site investigation, personnel interviews and laboratory tests were adopted. It analyzed the incidence of diseased chickens, epidemiological history, pathological characteristics, infection status of viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza, as well as changes in environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity inside the chicken house, thus revealing the impact of the system failure on the chicken house environment and broiler health. The results showed that a total of 10 800 broilers died in this case, with a mortality rate of 72%. The mortality rates of chickens in the bottom, middle and upper layers of cages were 9.5%, 100% and 100% respectively. The power outage lasted for 123 minutes. This flock of broilers had no history of highly pathogenic avian influenza, newcastle disease or other related diseases, and the feeding and management procedures, as well as the sources of feed and drinking water, were all normal. Anatomical findings indicated that the skin, combs and wattles of the affected chickens appeared cyanotic; the tracheas were congested, hemorrhagic and filled with mucus; the lungs and livers suffered from severe congestion and edema; the intestinal mucosa was congested and the intestinal walls became thin. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR test results showed that the nucleic acid detection results of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus were both negative. Data from the environmental controller demonstrated that after the power outage, the temperature and humidity inside the house increased significantly, the oxygen concentration decreased continuously, and the ammonia concentration accumulated rapidly at the same time. Comprehensive analysis showed that the influence of infectious diseases and poisoning factors could be ruled out for this case. The power outage failure of the environmental control system and the consequent chain physiological and environmental stress were the main causes of the case. Based on the research results, multi-level risk prevention and control strategies can be put forward from the dimensions of technical protection and personnel management, including installing backup power supply systems, adding independent alarm devices, and establishing on-duty or remote monitoring systems. These measures are expected to construct a comprehensive risk management system and provide a reference for improving the safe production level of large-scale broiler farming.

To screen the rice varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Shouxian area, Anhui Province, this paper conducted a field planting comparison experiment on 5 one-season medium indica rice varieties, namely Xiangliangyou 676, Liangyouxiangsizhan, Liangyou 2118, Quanliangyou 2118 (CK₁), and Xiliangyouyuhesimiao, as well as 3 upland rice varieties, namely Hanyou 73 (CK₂), Hanyou 78, and Lyuhan 639. Field observations were made to record the growth period, plant height, agronomic traits, yield and their constituent factors of each variety.The results showed that the growth period of Liangyou 2118 was moderate, which was 155 days. It had a large number of effective panicles, a high 1 000-grain weight and a relatively high actual yield, which was 4.44% higher than that of CK₁. The Liangyouxiangsizhan had the highest plant height and the longest panicle length, which were 137.83 cm and 26.12 cm respectively. The 1 000-grain weight and theoretical yield of CK₁ were the highest, and the number of grains per panicle was the largest, which were 26.92 g, 9.72 t/hm², and 137.73 grains respectively. The plant height of Hanyou 78 was the highest, the panicle length was the longest, and the number of grains per panicle was the highest, which were 156.67 cm, 28.21 cm, and 225.50 grains respectively. It had a relatively high seed setting rate and good resistance to lodging and drought. Lyuhan 639 had a large number of effective panicules, with the highest theoretical and actual yields. The actual yield was 8.63 t/hm², which was 2.86% higher than that of CK₂. In conclusion, the overall performance of Liangyou 2118 was relatively good and it could be promoted and applied as a high yield breakthrough variety. It is suggested to strengthen the experimental demonstration of Hanyou 78. Lyuhan 639 can be widely promoted and planted as water-saving, drought-resistant and high-quality rice in the research area.

To clarify the effects of foliar spraying of different amino acid fertilizers on the quality of tomatoes and the activity of soil enzymes in the rhizosphere in continuous cultivation of tomatoes in facilities, the tomato variety ‘Yashu 12’ was taken as the experimental material. With foliar spraying of clear water as the control (CK), 5 treatments were set up for foliar spraying of water-soluble fertilizers containing compound amino acids (treatment AAF), lysine (treatment KF), valine (treatment VF), and threonine (treatment TF). The chlorophyll content of tomato leaves, fruit quality, leaf and root antioxidant enzyme activities, root vitality and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities under different treatments were determined. Through correlation analysis and principal component analysis, the correlations between tomato quality, root vitality and the enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil, as well as the antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves and roots, were explored. The results showed that the chlorophyll content in tomato leaves treated with AAF, the titratable acid content in fruits, the POD activity and the root activity were increased by 222.70%, 62.18%, 774.65% and 843.01% respectively compared with CK. The soluble protein content of KF treatment was 32.00% higher than that of CK. The sucrase activity of VF treatment was 12.4 mg/g higher than that of CK, but it had an inhibitory effect on the activity of nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes. The vitamin C content treated with TF was 40.49% higher than that of CK, and the nitrate content was 24.59% lower than that of CK. Correlation analysis indicated that the content of soluble protein was positively correlated with CAT activity in leaves, root activity was positively correlated with CAT activity in roots, and titratable acid was negatively correlated with MDA content in roots. Overall, foliar spraying of compound amino acids (treatment AAF) has the best combined effect. It can significantly increase the chlorophyll content in tomato leaves, improve fruit quality, enhance antioxidant capacity and promote root vitality. It is an ideal choice that takes into account photosynthetic performance, fruit quality and stress resistance. This article provides a reference for high quality and efficient cultivation of tomatoes.

To explore the preparation method of epoxy resin embedded specimens of adult butterfly 5 types of epoxy resin AB glue mixtures (starry sky epoxy resin, clear ice epoxy resin, gem epoxy resin, high-transparency epoxy resin and mixed crystal epoxy resin) were prepared at a mass ratio of 3∶1. Papilio xuthus was selected for the preparation of embedded specimens to screen out the suitable epoxy resin type. Furthermore, embedded specimens were fabricated from dried adult specimens of representative species belonging to Pieridae, Papilionidae and Satyridae, the characteristic differences among the above specimens were analyzed, and the quality of the embedded specimens was evaluated. The results showed that compared with the dried specimens, the Papilio xuthus specimens prepared with the 5 aforementioned epoxy resin AB glues all presented partial dissolution and discoloration of wing scales. Among them, the specimens made with clear ice epoxy resin had the slightest changes, and their morphological characteristics were the closest to those of the dried specimens. For the specimens of Pieridae prepared with clear ice epoxy resin, the orange-yellow spots on the hindwings were severely dissolved with only the outlines remaining, and the black scales on the hindwing margins also suffered severe dissolution and discoloration. In contrast, the wing scales of the representative Satyridae specimens prepared with clear ice epoxy resin had slight dissolution, showing a small difference in morphological effect from the dried specimens. In conclusion, clear ice epoxy resin is suitable for the embedding preparation of specimens from Papilionidae adults and Satyridae adults. Appropriate types of epoxy AB adhesive should be selected for the embedding preparation of adult butterfly specimens.

To enhance the precision and efficiency of dynamic water quality monitoring in aquaculture, this paper presents the development and practical application of a novel monitoring device and system utilizing an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) as its platform. The mobile monitoring device employs the USV equipped with a PLC-remotely controlled telescopic pole, various sensors, and cameras. This setup enables real-time monitoring and collection of key parameters, including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, along with images tracking aquatic product growth.The integrated intelligent management system combines monitoring, early warning, control, and a parameter threshold model. It collects water quality data in real-time via the sensor network. Based on its built-in threshold model (for the cultivation of Carassius auratus, dissolved oxygen 3-5 mg/L, optimal temperature 20-25 ℃, pH 7.0-8.5, ammonia nitrogen <0.5 mg/L, nitrite <0.1 mg/L), the system performs intelligent diagnostics and issues risk warnings. It subsequently drives control equipment, such as aerators, to execute automated adjustments, thereby achieving intelligent management of the aquaculture water environment. From 2023 to 2024, the cumulative demonstration area for this device and system reached 155 hm². Practical results demonstrated that, compared to bases not using this technology, the demonstration sites achieved a yield increase of 2 280 kg/hm² and an output value increase of 34 500 yuan/hm² for crucian carp. The system significantly improved the data coverage and stability of water quality monitoring and regulation, ultimately promoting the simultaneous enhancement of aquaculture production, product quality, and economic benefits. This study provides a valuable reference for water quality monitoring in aquaculture.