Canine distemper is a non zoonotic disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV). This study focuses on dogs suspected of suffering from canine distemper, and diagnoses them through clinical examination, blood biochemical indicators, blood routine indicators,and antigen detection; adopt methods such as combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine (Sangju Yinqiao powder decoction + Doxycycline powder, etc.) and treating based on syndrome differentiation to treat it. The results showed that the diseased dogs had poor mental state, frequent sneezing, thick nasal discharge, and bleeding. The concentrations of albumin, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and globulin in the diseased dog were higher than the reference values. The total number of white blood cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils were significantly increased. The antigen test was positive. All the evidence indicates that the dog is suffering from canine distemper.After treatment, the dog’s condition improved, and its appetite, mental state, blood biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators all returned to normal. This article provides reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

This paper systematically sorted out the application status, development trends, and exploration directions of smart livestock and poultry technology in representative categories such as chickens, pigs, and cattle, identified existing problems, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. Smart livestock and poultry technology had achieved large-scale application in multiple fields: environmental regulation technology could optimize the breeding environment in real time and handle abnormalities; information collection technology realized the monitoring of livestock and poultry status and accurate identification through sensors, visual recognition, deep learning, and other means; precision feeding technology achieved the whole-process optimization of intelligent feed proportioning, feeding, and consumption monitoring; and breeding management platforms integrated general and personalized functions such as environmental monitoring, remote regulation, and production traceability. At the level of development and exploration, smart breeding, through the in-depth integration of information technology and breeding work, shortened the breeding cycle and improved enterprise benefits; intelligent breeding large models were initially built and accelerated breed improvement. Livestock and poultry live asset loans used information technology to realize the confirmation of rights and data verification of live livestock and poultry assets, which solved the financing problems of breeding enterprises to a certain extent. Currently, the development of smart livestock and poultry was faced with problems such as insufficient accuracy of individual identification, unbalanced digital development, lack of standards, poor platform data sharing, and insufficient breeding models. In response, this paper put forward suggestions such as improving identification accuracy, formulating unified standards, promoting platform sharing, and advancing the development and application of breeding models. With the continuous advancement of technology and changes in breeding needs, the application of information technology in livestock and poultry breeding would become more extensive and in-depth. This paper provides a reference for promoting the high quality and efficient development of the livestock and poultry industry.

Peppermint is an important medicinal and economic crop with high value-added potential in deep processing. Menthol, its primary volatile component, possesses various biological activities. The research progress of menthol on the pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutics and toxicology were reviewed based on relevant literature. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) of menthol is relatively low, and the mean residence time (MRT) and elimination half-life (T_1/2) are short, indicating that it is metabolized rapidly in the body. In terms of pharmacodynamics, it exerts antibacterial effects by influencing the contents of phosphatidylcholine and other components in bacterial cell membranes; it has certain antiviral effects and enhances the immune system; it influences the formation of fungal biofilms and has good inhibitory effects on fungi such as Trichophyton and Microsporum canis; it reduces the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in cells and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), exerting anti-inflammatory effects; it promotes apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits their proliferation and migration; it exerts analgesic effects by regulating calcium (Ca²⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) channels in nerve cells; and it has other pharmacological activities including antiparasitic, antioxidant and neuroregulatory effects. In pharmaceutics, menthol, as an efficient penetration enhancer, enhances the transport capacity of the blood-brain barrier, lymphatic permeability, intestinal epithelial barrier and skin permeability barrier by down-regulating the levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-5). In toxicology, the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of this substance in rats and mice is higher than 4 000 mg/kg, indicating high safety; however, long term excessive use may cause adverse reactions such as reducing the tension of the esophageal, esophageal and gastric sphincters. This article provides a reference for the further promotion and application of menthol.

The current situation and underlying causes of the veterinary licensing examination in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed, based on examination data, and proposes targeted development recommendations. From 2010 to 2024, the number of online applicants for the veterinary licensing examination in the study region climbed to 25 223, demonstrating a marked growth trend. The gender ratio of examinees decreased substantially from 5.96 in 2010 to 1.09 in 2024, indicating a gradual trend toward balance. The number of participants holding a master’s degree increased by 125%, reflecting a notable rise in the overall educational level. A marked increase in student participants and a diversification of their professional backgrounds were also observed. These changes were primarily attributed to the expansion of the breeding industry, growing pressure for disease prevention and control, the rapid growth of the pet healthcare market, evolving industry and market demands, and enhanced linkages between education and practice. Based on these findings, recommendations were proposed including strengthening examination services and resource support by optimizing the distribution of test centers, establishing stable examination bases, and implementing a “pre-payment+post-examination refund” mechanism; deepening the integration of continuing education and career development by establishing a tiered and classified continuing education system, innovating educational models and resource integration, and strengthening supervision and effect evaluation; promoting the precise alignment of talent cultivation with industrial needs by refining university curricula, expanding practice scopes, and enhancing talent guidance. This study aims to provide insights for promoting the professionalization and standardization of the veterinary industry.

This article summarized the ecological cultivation techniques for blueberry whole industry chain from aspects such as site selection, soil improvement, variety selection, cultivation, and field management. Considering factors such as sunlight, soil and terrain conditions, priority is given to choosing sunny hillsides or open plains with sufficient sunlight. The soil pH should be between 4.0 and 5.0, and the terrain must be flat and have good drainage. Sulfur powder is applied to adjust the soil pH, and organic materials such as decomposed farmyard manure and peat soil are used to increase the organic matter content of the soil. In cold northern regions, dwarf or semi-highbush blueberry varieties can be chosen; in warm and humid southern regions, southern highbush or rabbiteye blueberry varieties can be planted. The best time for planting blueberries is from December to January of the following year. Pollen trees should be planted in a ratio of 3∶1 or 4∶1 according to the main cultivar and pollinator cultivar. Strengthen field management, apply organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizer, and perform reasonable pruning. Adopt agricultural control measures (preferably using disease-resistant varieties, timely removing diseased and dead plants, etc.), physical control (such as insect traps)and biological control (predatory insects, biological preparations, etc.) measures for green control of diseases and pests. Implement precise harvesting and cold chain transportation. This article provides a reference for the green ecological cultivation of blueberries and the sustainable development of the blueberry industry.

This article systematically expounded the prospects of developing the Camellia oleifera planting industry from 3 aspects: economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. It introduced its biological characteristics from aspects such as botanical features, ecological habits, growth and development characteristics, reproductive ability and adaptability. On this basis, it further summarized the key points of Camellia oleifera cultivation and management techniques and conducts an in-depth analysis of its economic benefits. Tea oil had multiple uses such as food, cosmetics and medicine. The cultivation of Camellia oleifera could increase vegetation coverage and improve local climate. The related industry also promoted the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and employment of rural labor force. This plant was an evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family. It preferred warm and humid environments, enjoyed sunlight, and had strong adaptability and stress resistance. It was widely planted in southern regions and was mainly used for extracting tea oil. The key points of cultivation and management techniques for Camellia oleifera mainly included selecting an area where the climate conditions were suitable for the growth of this plant, scientific land preparation, and selecting high quality varieties with strong disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability. The propagation of Camellia oleifera mainly included seed propagation, cutting propagation, grafting propagation, etc. Single or double row planting was adopted, with a planting density of 80 to 120 plants /667 m². The trees, shrubs, and other plants in the Camellia oleifera forest were regularly removed. The seedlings were watered moderately. Drainage was ensured during the rainy season, and organic fertilizers were applied scientifically. During the young tree stage, mainly shape the trees. During the fruiting period, prune diseased and pest-infested branches, overly dense branches and overgrown branches. Comprehensive control methods should be adopted, including agricultural control (such as removing diseased branches and leaves), biological control (such as releasing natural enemy species of pests), and chemical control. Economic benefit analysis indicated that, the initial investment for Camellia oleifera cultivation was between 1 000 and 2 000 yuan/667 m², the annual management cost was between 1 000 and 1 500 yuan/667 m², and the annual income was between 3 400 and 11 200 yuan/667 m². After deducting the costs, the annual net income was between 1 400 and 8 700 yuan/667 m², demonstrating significant economic benefits. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of the Camellia oleifera industry.

Bifenthrin·clothianidin is a new type of compound insecticide that can be used to control more than 20 pests such as Helicoverpa armigera. This study explores the properties, composition, action mechanism, and application effects of this suspension concentrate, as well as its application technologies and practices in the agricultural field, and prospects for future research. The suspension concentrate is formulated by combining two active ingredients, bifenthrin and clothianidin, with dual characteristics of rapid insecticidal activity and long-term protection. Its action mechanism includes contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, and systemic translocation: it can penetrate into the insect body either by directly contacting the insect surface (dissolving the waxy layer on the exoskeleton or through microscopic pores), enter via the insect’s mouthparts and digestive tract, or indirectly infiltrate the insect body when the pest engages in piercing-sucking feeding on plant stems and leaves treated with the insecticide, ultimately leading to insect death by poisoning. In terms of application effects, this insecticide offers advantages such as a broad insecticidal spectrum, quick-acting and long-lasting efficacy, low toxicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. It also exhibits excellent environmental and ecological safety: it is safe for crop growth, compatible with other chemical agents, has minimal impacts on aquatic organisms and beneficial organisms, and can degrade into harmless substances in soil over time. Previously, this insecticide has been used to control pests such as aphids, cutworms, thrips, and pear psylla on various crops including food crops, fruits, and vegetables, and can be applied through methods such as spraying, drip irrigation, and drenching. In the future, efforts will be made to further optimize its formulation, develop more efficient and stable dosage forms, and conduct research on environmental friendliness and precise application technologies. In summary, bifenthrin·clothianidin suspension concentrate can reduce the application rate of chemical pesticides, delay the development of pest resistance, and extend the service life of pesticides, thereby boasting broad application prospects.

The biological mechanisms underlying the invasion and spread of Solidago canadensis were elaborated, along with control strategies and advances in comprehensive utilization. Its invasive spread was attributed to several biological mechanisms, including the formation of polyploid complexes, combination of sexual and asexual reproduction, production of allelochemicals, and synergistic interactions with microorganisms. Integrated management of this invasive plant should be implemented based on its life history and invasion characteristics, combining agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods for comprehensive control. Agricultural control was implemented through tillage, crop rotation, plastic film mulching, and planting competitive species to suppress its growth. Bio-ecological management was carried out by introducing natural enemies or replacement plants to restore ecological diversity. Physical removal (manual uprooting, mechanical excavation) was preferably conducted during the mid-to-late growth stages, with careful attention paid to rhizome treatment to prevent regrowth. Chemical eradication was achieved using herbicides such as glyphosate, applied according to habitat-specific needs to avoid resistance development. Management was implemented in phases with multi-measure coordination, emphasizing ecological safety and sustained control. Regarding comprehensive utilization, the plant was found to be rich in active components (diterpenes, triterpenes) with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, indicating high potential for pharmaceutical development. Its high crude protein and fiber content made it suitable as quality green forage or silage for ruminants like cattle and sheep. The high fiber content also rendered it an ideal raw material for papermaking and fiberboard production, as well as for conversion into biomass energy. Through comprehensive utilization such as materialization, feed production, and substrate application, its invasive impact could be mitigated, achieving both economic and ecological benefits. At present, challenges remain in the control and utilization of this invasive plant, including accelerated spread due to human activities, high costs of existing control technologies, and technical bottlenecks in resource utilization. In the future, an integrated management system combining scientific, policy, and social efforts needs to be established. This article provides a reference for the control and resource utilization of Solidago canadensis.

The current application of technologies in grain storage were reviewed, and a grain storage system architecture based on digital twin technology and blockchain was introduced. Current grain storage technologies were evolving toward intelligent and green development. IoT sensors enable real-time collection of multi-dimensional information such as temperature, humidity, pests, and gas concentrations. Wireless technologies like NB-IoT, LoRa, and 5G ensure efficient data transmission, while cloud platforms and AI algorithms support intelligent analysis and early warning. The grain monitoring system based on digital twin technology and blockchain is a grain condition monitoring system. This system collects and transmits grain storage environmental data in real time through the perception and transmission layers. The model layer constructs a virtual representation of the physical grain storage, enabling grain condition prediction and optimized control through multi-source data fusion and simulation. The application layer utilizes AI and big data for analysis and decision-making, and introduces blockchain technology to record the entire data process, ensuring transparency and traceability of information. Its widespread application is currently constrained by multidimensional factors such as technology, cost, collaboration, and system. The next step is to gradually build a new intelligent grain storage system through technological iteration, ecological co construction, and other means.

This study systematically explores the importance, principles, specific methods, and supporting precautions of pruning techniques for ornamental peonies. The pruning of ornamental peonies must follow 4 core principles: balanced growth coordination, ventilation and light penetration, disease and pest prevention, and aesthetic shaping. Pruning is mainly carried out in spring and autumn. In spring, it is conducted before flower bud germination, with core operations including cutting off suckers, thinning flowers and buds, and removing withered flowers. In autumn, it is implemented after leaf fall, focusing on operations such as stub cutting, main branch determination, selection and retention of flowering branches, and removal of diseased, weak branches and abnormal buds. Based on this, this paper proposes a coordinated pruning model consisting of the “three cuttings and one determination” in spring (cutting suckers, thinning flower buds, removing withered flowers, and determining main branches) and the “three removals and two cuttings” in autumn (clearing diseased and weak branches, clearing crossing branches, clearing abnormal buds, cutting unlignified shoots, and cutting redundant flowering branches). Additionally, key supporting management points are clarified, including tool selection and disinfection, water and fertilizer management after pruning, and regular plant monitoring and maintenance. This technical system can provide technical support for the standardized shaping of ornamental peony plant type, precise regulation of flowering period, and sustainable cultivation management, and has important practical value for improving landscape effects and extending the peony industry chain.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m² for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m² for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

The virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips is able to restore variety characteristics and improve potato yield and quality, making it one of the key biotechnologies in seed potato production. The entire process of virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips was systematically elaborated, and its common problems along with control strategies were summarized. The technical procedure involved pretreatment of explants, shoot tip dissection, primary culture of plantlets, virus detection, and in vitro propagation of plantlets. During the primary culture stage, the explants were sterilized and pretreated, and then cultured in a specific medium to induce the differentiation of apical meristems into plantlets. The obtained primary plantlets were subjected to virus detection using serological and molecular biological methods. After confirming the absence of viruses, the plantlets were transferred to propagation and strengthening media for multiplication. 3 major issues encountered during the tissue culture process were contamination, vitrification, and browning. Contamination, caused by bacteria, fungi, or endophytes, was prevented through strict aseptic techniques, environmental sterilization, and the addition of antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents to the culture medium. Vitrified plantlets, characterized by a translucent and fragile appearance, were primarily induced by unsuitable culture conditions or excessive subculturing, and could be mitigated by adjusting light and temperature conditions, regulating hormone concentrations, and incorporating dark culture periods. Browning, a phenomenon where wounded explants secreted brown substances leading to death, was commonly suppressed by adding anti-browning agents such as sodium thiosulfate. This article provides a reference for the production of virus-free seed potatoes

The myostatin gene MSTN, a crucial regulator of muscle development, holds significant research value and application potential in livestock production. This article reviewed the research progress on the mechanism of action of the MSTN gene, its role in livestock and poultry growth, and its application in livestock and poultry breeding improvement. MSTN inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, thereby reducing muscle growth rate and meat yield. Its regulatory process involves multiple coordinated signaling pathways, such as modulating the expression of factors like Myf5, MyoD, and CDK2, and interacting with molecules including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). During animal growth, MSTN regulates skeletal muscle development by suppressing both the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of muscle fibers, and it can also influence fatty acid metabolism by altering mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Regarding breeding applications, key SNPs have been identified within the MSTN gene in cattle, goats, pigs, and other livestock. These SNPs can serve as molecular markers for meat traits, facilitating efficient breeding programs. Utilizing individuals with MSTN mutations through crossbreeding strategies (e.g., two-way or three-way crosses) alongside precise feeding management enables the development of superior breeds with excellent characteristics. Furthermore, modern gene-editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied to the MSTN gene to promote muscle growth, improve meat quality, and create new livestock lines. This review provides a reference for the application of the MSTN gene in livestock and poultry genetic breeding.

To compare the variety characteristics of 12 sweet maizes such as Jintianshun 100, Huitian 138, and Zhenzhenbang 6, a random block design was adopted to determine their agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle length and other panicle traits, as well as panicle weight and other yield traits. Correlation analysis among these traits was also conducted. The results showed that there were significant differences in traits such as plant height, ear position height, ear length and ear thickness of the tested varieties. Among them, the plant height of maize ranged from 206.2 to 325.6 cm, the ear position height ranged from 66.0 to 180.4 cm, the empty stalk rate ranged from 0 to 12.8%, and the double ear rate ranged from 1.6% to 22.4%. The length of the panicle ranges from 20.50 to 23.46 cm, the diameter of the panicle was from 20.40 to 23.67 cm, the length of the balding tip was from 0.66 to 2.88 cm, the number of rows of the panicle was from 13.2 to 20.4, and the number of grains in each row is from 38.3 to 48.8. The panicle weight ranged from 266.80 to 368.65 g, the weight per hundred grains ranged from 31.85 to 47.76 g, the yield ranged from 8 979.48 to 14 391.56 kg/hm², and the seed yield ranged from 56.42% to 87.00%. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between the length and thickness of sweet maize ears, the number of rows and the position of the ears, the plant height and the height of the ears, the thickness of the ears and the yield, the number of rows and the plant height, and the weight of the ears and the yield. Overall, the agronomic traits of Zhenzhenbang No. 6 are generally good, and the yield of Jinguang 597 was the highest. This article provides a reference for the breeding of high yield sweet corn varieties.

The application principles of the concept of nature education in the design of children’s parks were analyzed, taking the children’s park in Urumqi as the research object, and the strategies for creating its nature education space were explored. The design principles of children’s parks based on the concept of nature education mainly include creating a natural exploration environment suitable for arid climates and strengthening terrain design and plant configuration. Highlight the content of ecological education and build a systematic environmental interpretation system; design multi-level interactive natural experience facilities to meet the development needs of children of different age groups; emphasize the organic integration of regional culture and nature education, highlighting regional characteristics. The landscape design of the research area adopts a natural curve form, dividing it into the entrance comprehensive leisure area, the dynamic science popularization park area, the five-sense experience area, the waterfront science popularization experience area, the dense forest adventure area and the agricultural activity experience area. In terms of plant configuration, evergreen plants are taken as the base, and deciduous trees and flowering shrubs are appropriately added to enrich the seasonal changes. The design of ecosystem science popularization facilities should take into account the inheritance of regional culture, ecological friendliness and children’s adaptability, and transform local traditional patterns, folk tales and other cultural symbols into interactive features of science popularization facilities. Combine the spatial layout design of the children’s park to create a variety of interpretation media. This article provides a reference for promoting the innovative development of children’s park design.

7 plant growth regulators (0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP 75.0 g/hm², 0.1% triacontanol ME 1 000 mL/hm², 0.4% kinetin AS 937.5 mL/hm², 0.000 4% enadenine·oxyenadenine SP 750 mL/hm², 4% gibberellic acid SL 500 mL/hm², 0.007 5% 14-hydroxybrassinolide AS 150 mL/hm², 2% potassium nitrophenolate AS 150 mL/hm²) were used for spray treatment at the initial stage of tea bud germination and single bud stage, respectively, with spraying water as the control (CK). The effects of tea on the growth, yield, safety and appearance quality of tea were analyzed. The results showed that the 7 plant growth regulators tested could increase germination density and had a significant regulatory effect on the germination and growth of tea buds. After the second spray, the fresh tea yield increased by 12.77% to 47.35% compared to the CK, among them, the treatment with 0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP at 75.0 g/hm² showed a significant increase in tea yield. 7 plant growth regulators were found to be safe for tea plant growth, improving product appearance and quality (increased bud production, tender leaves, uniform color, thickness, and size of tea shoots and leaves), while posing no harm to beneficial arthropods such as spiders. This article provides a reference for selecting suitable plant growth regulators to promote tea growth.

To explore approaches for improving irrigation efficiency and conserving water resources through intelligent technologies, thereby promoting the modernization of farmland water conservancy, the definition of this system was introduced, and its application practice of intelligent management system in agricultural water conservancy from the aspects of irrigation system, data detection, etc was analyzed. This system was a new type of management system based on modern information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing. The system was integrated with the irrigation system to automatically adjust the irrigation amount, achieving precise irrigation and efficient management. Through real-time data monitoring and analysis, farmland irrigation demands were predicted, and scientific and rational irrigation plans were formulated to reduce water waste. Intelligent control improved the operational efficiency and reliability of the irrigation system. The construction of smart irrigation districts enabled efficient allocation and intelligent regulation of water resources, enhancing the modernization level of farmland water conservancy. This study provides a reference for the development of intelligent management system in agricultural water conservancy irrigation smart agriculture.

The research progress related to the regulation of stomatal development and movement by light was summarized. Stomata, as an important channel for the exchange of gas and water between plants and the external environment, their development and movement are regulated by various environmental factors and play a significant role in the photosynthesis of plants. Stomatal development is regulated in a coordinated manner by internal and external environmental signals of plants. There are two hypotheses for the study of stomata’s response to light: one is the direct response of stomata to light, and the other is the indirect stomatal response caused by changes in intercellular CO₂ concentration. There are two pathways for the open response of stomata to light: the guard cell-specific blue light response pathway mediated by PHOT1/PHOT2 and the red light response pathway dependent on photosynthesis. Blue light participates in signal transduction through receptors such as PHOT1 and PHOT2, triggering K⁺ ion influx and promoting stomatal opening. Red light mainly participates in stomatal response through mesophyll photosynthesis. The red light response of stomata is an indirect reaction, which is caused by the response of guard cells to the reduction of intercellular CO₂ concentration resulting from mesophyll photosynthesis. In addition, green light can inhibit the opening of stomata induced by blue light, and plant hormones can directly regulate the movement of stomata and their response to external signals.

The advantages, types, production processes, color treatment technologies, and preservation methods of dried flowers were systematically explored, aiming to provide practical technical references for dried flower production enthusiasts and theoretical support for the standardized and large-scale development of the dried flower industry. The core advantages of dried flowers lie in using natural plants as raw materials, which can retain the original shape and color of plants, have a long ornamental period, break through the limitation of flowering periods to realize free matching, and feature diverse application methods as well as low costs and low risks in the circulation link. In terms of classification, dried flowers can be divided into three-dimensional flowers and flat flowers by shape; by color treatment method, they can be divided into original-color dried flowers, bleached dried flowers, dyed dried flowers, and painted dried flowers. In terms of production processes, the collection of flower materials should be selected according to application scenarios, and post-harvest flower materials need to be preserved, trimmed and matched with appropriate equipment; drying methods include pressed flower drying, natural drying, desiccant embedding drying, and artificial environment-controlled drying. Color treatment technologies include chemical color retention, dyeing, and painting. For preservation, it is necessary to avoid light, high humidity, and insect infestation; dried flowers are recommended to be placed in a dry, well-ventilated, and clean environment, and insect prevention measures should be taken when necessary. In the future, with the innovation of dried flower technology and the expansion of application scenarios, the dried flower industry is expected to play a greater role in the fields of decoration, art, and environmental protection, further contributing to the sustainable development of related industries.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has a negative impact on the sustainable and healthy development of the pig industry. Developing regional purification is an effective way to control PRRS. This article systematically discusses the characteristics of PRRSV, the current status of PRRS prevention and control, and the research progress of PRRS purification. PRRSV is an enveloped spherical single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with strong mutation and recombination ability, diverse and complex genetic background, and both antibody-dependent enhancement and persistent infection characteristics, making its comprehensive prevention and control difficult. Currently, common prevention and control measures include vaccination and drug treatment. Inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and new vaccines (subunit vaccines, nucleic acid/mRNA vaccines, etc.) can all effectively reduce the risk of PRRSV infection. Natural compounds such as dicoumarol and morin C, as well as Chinese herbal extracts such as Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharides and Isatis indigotica polysaccharides, all have anti-PRRSV effects. Implementing regional purification of PRRS is an important means to control PRRSV. Currently, most pig farms are actively exploring the establishment of PRRS purification models for large-scale farms, and the number of successfully purified PRRS farms is increasing year by year. PRRS regional purification includes improving the biosecurity system through measures such as physical isolation, personnel control, material disinfection, and harmless treatment; selecting appropriate purification strategies such as thorough depopulation and repopulation, testing and culling, and closed purification, while also supplemented by regular and continuous testing to ensure and consolidate the purification results. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control and purification of PRRS.

To further screen and enrich the types of excellent fresh waxy maize varieties, this study conducted a demonstration trial with 18 fresh waxy maize varieties including Heijin 699, Ruihezaonuo, and Shenketiannuo 99 as test materials, comparing and analyzing their growth period, main agronomic traits, ear traits, occurrence of diseases and insect pests, quality, and yield. The results showed that Ruihebainuo 80 germinated 7 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 213.7 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 20.1 cm, tip barrenness was 0.3 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 35.8 g; the total quality score was 88.8 points, and the yield reached 16 716.7 kg/hm². Shenketiannuo 99 germinated 6 days after sowing; its plant height was 207.5 cm, with a lodging rate of 0.4% and no stem breaking; the ear length was 19.6 cm, tip barrenness was 0.9 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 37.2 g; the total quality score was 88.1 points, and the yield was 14 441.7 kg/hm². Huanaicaitiannuo 102 germinated 6 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 234.1 cm, with a lodging rate of 0.4% and no stem breaking; the ear length was 21.7 cm, tip barrenness was 1.0 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 42.5 g; the total quality score was 87.8 points, and the yield amounted to 16 039.6 kg/hm². Shenbaitiannuo No. 3 germinated 7 days after sowing; its plant height was 196.3 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 19.3 cm, tip barrenness was 1.1 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 41.0 g; the total quality score was 88.2 points, and the yield was 13 981.3 kg/hm². Huhongnuo No. 1 germinated 6 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 227.3 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 19.1 cm, no tip barrenness, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 40.5 g; the total quality score was 90.4 points, and the yield reached 14 731.3 kg/hm². Heijin 699 germinated 7 days after sowing; its plant height was 188.1 cm, with no lodging but a stem breaking rate of 1.7%; the ear length was 18.0 cm, tip barrenness was 0.4 cm, the fresh 100-grain weight was 34.7 g, and it had purple kernels; the total quality score was 88.5 points, and the yield was 12 708.3 kg/hm². For all the above varieties, the incidence grade of sheath blight, stem rot and Asian corn borer was grade 1. Comprehensively, Ruihebainuo 80 had an outstanding yield advantage and excellent quality performance; three varieties, namely Huanaicaitiannuo 102, Shenketiannuo 99 and Shenbaitiannuo No. 3, showed good yield and quality, with good comprehensive traits; Huhongnuo No. 1 had relatively high yield, excellent quality and good marketability; although Heijin 699 had no prominent yield advantage, it had a sweet, tender and glutinous taste, good quality and purple kernels, with good commercial appearance. All the 6 above-mentioned varieties had good comprehensive performance and could be promoted for cultivation in the study area.

The research progress on the responses of plant leaf functional traits to environmental factors such as climatic factors (light, temperature, humidity), soil factors, and topographic factors (altitude, slope direction, slope position, and slope) was reviewed. In terms of climatic factors, different light conditions can lead to significant differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf lifespan, specific leaf area, and leaf size among plants. The relationship between leaf functional traits and temperature varies among different forest stands. The water transport capacity and hydraulic structure characteristics of leaves affect the water use efficiency, growth, competition and distribution of plants. Factors such as precipitation and soil humidity content can lead to diverse differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf size, specific leaf area and vein density among different plants. In terms of soil factors, the responses of plant leaf functional traits to different soil factors are different. In terms of topographic factors, the response mechanism of leaf functional traits to altitude is different in different developmental stages of different plants. The slope direction forms a local environmental gradient by regulating factors such as light and temperature, resulting in differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf area and specific leaf area among different plants. The utilization strategies of plant resources on different slopes are different, and there are differences in the performance trends of leaf functional traits such as leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area among different plants on different slopes. The functional traits of plant leaves vary with different slopes. This article provides a reference for clarifying the response mechanism of plant leaf functional traits to the environment.

To enhance the efficiency and quality of available phosphorus detection in alkaline soil, this study referenced the method specified in NY/T 1121.7-2014 “Soil Testing—Part 7: Method for Determination of Available Phosphorus in Soil” (using 25 mL colorimetric vessels and manual degassing), while also employing 50 mL colorimetric vessels and an ultrasonic degassing method to determine the available phosphorus content in alkaline soils (sample No.ASA-9, ASA-15, ASA-17). The precision of the method was evaluated using relative standard deviation (RSD), and the influence of different extraction temperatures (24, 25, 26 °C) on the determination results was analyzed.The results showed that the standard curves of the established method all achieved R² values of 0.999 9, indicating excellent linearity. The measured available phosphorus contents of ASA-9, ASA-15, and ASA-17 sample soils were in the ranges of 23.8-24.1, 53.5-53.9, and 8.3-8.6 mg/kg, respectively, all falling within the standard reference ranged. The RSD values ranged from 1.99% to 3.39%. Temperature was found to have a certain influence on the determination results: when the ambient temperature was relatively low, the extraction solution can be maintained at 25-26 °C before adding it to the extraction flask; when the ambient temperature was relatively high, the extraction solution can be maintained at 24-25 °C. In conclusion, the method used in this experiment demonstrated high accuracy and excellent precision for the determination of available phosphorus sample in alkaline soil, making it suitable for large scale analysis.

Maize intercropping mode was recognized as an important technical measure to address arable land constraints and enhance the land utilization. The regulatory effects of maize intercropping with other crops including soybean on farmland ecology and agricultural production were summarized, and key considerations for intercropping were analyzed. Through spatiotemporal niche complementarity to enhance land use efficiency. The structure of soil microbial communities was improved (increased bacterial diversity and regulated fungal communities), thereby strengthening soil fertility and ecological functions. The tall maize stalks provided natural shading for shade-preferring crops (Polygonatum sibiricum, Amorphophallus konjac), regulating micro environmental humidity and light conditions. Nutrient accumulation in crops was promoted (increased crude protein in soybeans, enhanced heavy metal enrichment in Sedum alfredii), leading to improved quality. Suitable crop varieties were selected based on their characteristics, and field management was optimized, including rational planting density (adjusting row spacing to reduce shading effects), improved water and fertilizer management, and pest control (utilizing crop interactions to suppress pests). This study provided a reference for promoting the application of maize intercropping with other crops.

The genetic characteristics and types of rice dwarfism were systematically analyzed, the role of plant hormones was examined in this process, the ideal plant architecture for dwarf breeding was discussed, and prospects for future research directions were provided. Rice plant height determined jointly by the number and length of internodes, was identified as a key trait affecting lodging resistance and yield. Dwarfing mutants in rice types were diverse and could be classified inter-node shortening mode into categories such as d6-type and dm-type. Currently, plant height was categorized into tall, semi-dwarf, and dwarf based on height, though the distinction between semi-dwarf and dwarf remained to be clarified, reflecting the complexity of the underlying genetic mechanisms. Dwarfism was primarily associated with deficiencies in the metabolism or signal transduction of 3 types of hormones: gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and strigolactone (SL). Among these, GA and BR were directly involved in regulating internode elongation, and mutations in their related genes led to dwarfism. In contrast, SL synthetic gene mutations resulted in dwarfism along with increased tillering. A total of 36 major dwarf genes (sd1, d18, and etc.) had been cloned, providing important genetic resources for lodging-resistant breeding. The development of rice varieties with high lodging resistance, yield potential, and suitability for mechanized production had become a major objective in modern breeding. Progress in rice dwarf breeding was expected to be effectively advanced through in-depth research on the gene function, genetic diversity, and key gene networks of rice dwarfing mutants, combined with modern technologies such as gene editing and phenomics. This review provides a reference for the selection and improvement of rice varieties.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

This study took rose tea, honeysuckle tea and jasmine tea as the research objects, and systematically analyzed the nutritional composition, flavor matching and physiological effects of the 3 kinds of floral teas. In terms of nutritional composition, rose tea was made from dried rose petals and rich in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and mineral elements, which could participate in multiple physiological processes of the human body; honeysuckle tea was a kind of tea with both medicinal and edible values, containing active components such as flavonoids, chlorogenic acids and triterpenoid saponins, and possessing both nutritional and medicinal values; jasmine tea was scented with green tea as the base, rich in functional substances such as tea polyphenols and catechins, with abundant nutritional components. In terms of flavor matching, rose tea had the best compatibility with black tea and white tea, which could form complementary flavors or tastes with distinct layers; honeysuckle tea could be mixed with green tea and chrysanthemum tea; jasmine tea made tea leaves fully absorb the fragrance of jasmine through the scenting process, and the finished product presented greenish soup color and rich fragrance. In terms of physiological effects, rose tea exhibited positive effects in the auxiliary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and bacteriostasis and sterilization, and its core active components could regulate blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid as well as inhibit the proliferation of various pathogenic bacteria; honeysuckle tea had good anti-inflammatory and immune activity, and could assist in inhibiting various pathogenic bacteria and viruses; jasmine tea could play a role in assisting in enhancing the body’s immunity and regulating blood lipid. This study sorted out the characteristics and application advantages of the three kinds of floral teas, and provided references for their daily edible collocation and product research and development.

To promote sustainable agricultural development, the efficient water-saving irrigation technologies and their advantages were briefly introduced, the application of water-saving irrigation technologies was analyzed such as water conveyance, irrigation, and intelligent irrigation in agricultural water conservancy projects, and the targeted promotion strategies were proposed. Efficient water-saving irrigation technologies include drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro irrigation, as well as water and fertilizer integration, and other intelligent irrigation technologies, which can provide precise, timed, and quantitative irrigation based on the actual water demand and soil conditions of crops. In terms of application in agricultural water conservancy projects, water-saving irrigation technologies such as pipeline water supply and anti-seepage channel water supply can reduce water leakage and evaporation during the transportation process. Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technologies can transport water to crops through local irrigation and other methods, which have advantages such as water conservation and yield increase; the intelligent irrigation system effectively improves the water-saving effect by real-time collection and processing of soil moisture and other information, and implementing intelligent management. The promotion strategy includes strengthening the unified planning of water-saving irrigation projects, increasing the acceptance and participation of growers; differentiated selection of suitable water-saving irrigation methods and provision of supporting operational training services; Apply water and fertilizer integrated intelligent irrigation system to provide personalized irrigation solutions. This article provides references for achieving efficient utilization of water resources and promoting the promotion of efficient water-saving irrigation technology in agricultural water conservancy projects.

In this experiment, bitter rose petals were used as experimental material, water was used as the solvent, and steam distillation was used to extract rose hydrosol. Single-factor experiments (A solid-liquid ratio, B distillation time, C soaking time) and orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of these factors. The sensory score, DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the combination were measured to determine the optimal extraction process of rose hydrosol. The single-factor experiment results showed that the optimal ratio m∶v for extracting rose hydrosol is 1∶4, the optimal distillation time is 20 min, and the optimal soaking time for petals is 8 h. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the primary and secondary factors affecting the extraction of rose hydrosol in sequence were the solid-liquid ratio, distillation time, soaking time. The score of A₂B₂C₃ (the ratio of material to liquid m∶v is 1∶4, distillation time 20 min, soaking time 12 h) was the highest, reaching 8.2 points. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate and ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the rose hydrosol extracted from it were 66.27% and 66.78% respectively, indicating a strong antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the optimal process condition for extracting rose hydrosol is a material-to-liquid ratio of m∶v of 1∶4, a distillation time of 20 min, and a petal soaking time of 12 h. This article provides a reference for the comprehensive utilization of rose hydrosol resources.

This study took the 2019–2023 crop yield data of Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province as the research object, combined with parameters such as the straw-to-grain ratio and collection coefficient, constructed estimation models for the collectible amount of straw as well as the value of straw for fertilizer and fuel purposes, systematically calculated the cost-benefit of different utilization methods (fertilizer, fuel, feed, substrate, and raw material), and proposed optimization measures based on the regional utilization status. The results showed that the collectible amount of straw in the study area showed a steady growth trend, reaching 1.224 5 million tons in 2023; the potential economic value of straw utilization for biogas production was the highest (1.647 billion yuan), if all the biogas was utilized, the theoretical calculation showed that the average income of cultivated land will increase by 13 218 yuan per hectare. The comprehensive utilization rate of straw was 95.2%, and the utilization structure was dominated by fertilizer use (accounting for 77.22%). Cost-benefit analysis indicated that the net benefit of straw utilization as feed was the highest (117.5 yuan per ton), while the utilization of straw for power generation, biogas production, and papermaking was greatly affected by factors such as technology and market conditions. The study area had great potential for straw resource utilization, but there were problems such as unbalanced utilization structure and low industrialization level of off-field straw utilization in some areas. It was suggested to promote the diversified comprehensive off-field utilization of straw and contribute to agricultural sustainable development by improving the straw collection, storage, and transportation system, cultivating demonstration enterprises, and popularizing high-efficiency utilization technologies. This paper provided a reference for the diversified comprehensive utilization of straw at the county level and the sustainable development of agriculture.

Based on the practice of land-based circular tank recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, key technical aspects, including system construction, pre-stocking preparations, fingerling release, and feeding management were summarized, and the economic benefits of this farming model were analyzed. The land-based circular tank RAS technology involved selecting an area with abundant water sources, convenient transportation, and stable power supply to construct the system, which included circular farming tanks, water intake and drainage systems, supporting equipment, a tailwater treatment system, and an online water quality monitoring system. Before stocking, comprehensive system ventilation and disinfection were carried out. Fish seeds from reliable sources, healthy and free of parasites were selected. During the farming process, precise feeding was conducted based on the condition of the fish. Daily monitoring of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and other physicochemical indicators in the tanks was performed using online water quality monitoring equipment (dissolved oxygen ≥ 5.5 mg/L, pH 7.0-8.0, ammonia nitrogen content < 0.4 mg/L, nitrite content < 0.1 mg/L). Solid waste in the micro-screen filters and three-stage sedimentation tanks was regularly treated. Herbal or chemical agents were periodically applied to the aquaculture water for parasite control and disinfection. Farming practice results show that after 200 days of land-based circular tank farming, the average feed conversion ratio for Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was 1.50, with an average survival rate of 89.67%. The average yield per tank was 1 222.33 kg, with an output value of 30 558 RMB and a net profit of 4 524 RMB. In summary, this technical model offers advantages such as flexible installation, small land footprint, recycling of water resources, and easy tailwater treatment with minimal pollution, aligning with the green development direction of modern fisheries while achieving favorable economic benefits, making it suitable for promotion and application in production.

As one of the common garden pests, termites hinder the absorption and transmission of water and nutrients by plants, which in turn leads to weak growth of plants and seriously affects the overall health and sustainable development of garden greening. The biological characteristics, damage features of termites in landscaping and their impacts on the economy and ecology were systematically analyzed. At the same time, an integrated management strategy that combines physical control, biological control and chemical control was proposed. Termites have slender bodies with flat abdomens. Their mouthparts are suitable for chewing and they are well-suited to feeding on plant-based foods such as wood. It is composed of various roles such as worker ants, soldiers and reproductive ants. The types, ages and health conditions of garden plants all affect the extent of termite infestation, and the internal structure of wood that had been eroded by termites was hollowed out and damaged, and its compressive strength dropped significantly. Termites have had certain negative impacts on both the economy and the ecology. Termite erosion not only accelerates the decay and damage of wood but also disrupts the natural balance of the garden ecosystem. Adopting a comprehensive management strategy that combines physical control, biological control and chemical control is conducive to reducing the damage caused by termites. In terms of physical control, termites can be controlled through methods such as temperature regulation, sound wave pest control, light attraction, and obstacle protection. In terms of biological control, termites are controlled by the introduction of natural enemies and the application of biological agents. In terms of chemical control, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids and imidacloprid are used to control termites. This article provides a reference for the systematic management of termites and the improvement of the quality of landscaping.

This article introduces the growth characteristics of the Celtis sinensis tree and the varieties suitable for making bonsai. It focuses on elaborating the bonsai making methods such as bending the main stem, bending the branches, pruning the top plate, and forming a top with multiple branches, as well as management measures such as repotting, disease and pest control, fertilization, bud removal, and aluminum wire removal. Celtis sinensis, a deep-rooted deciduous tree of the genus Celtis in the Ulmaceae family, has the advantages of strong sprouting ability, tolerance to pruning, and tolerance to smoke and dust. It is an excellent material for making bonsai and can be used to create various types of bonsai such as straight-trunk, slanting-trunk, and curved-trunk. The varieties of Celtis sinensis suitable for making bonsai mainly include Celtis julianae, Celtis koraiensis, Celtis bungeana, and Celtis tetrandra. In terms of bonsai making, the seedlings of the Celtis sinensis cultivated in the current year should be planted in pots at a 45° angle in the spring of the following year. By the winter of the third year, the first-level branches need to be pruned and shaped, and the second-level branches need to be pruned and bent, with bending and top pruning done. In the late autumn of the fourth year, carry out the selection and pruning of the third-level branches, adjust the trend of the second-level branches, and prune and fix the branches that have sprouted from the third-level branches based on the principles of removing the strong and retaining the weak. Retain the chicken claw branches through re-pruning. In terms of bonsai management, the best time for repotting bonsai is from late October to early March of the following year in autumn. Repotting should be done once every 1 to 2 years. Pest and disease control can be carried out by using agricultural control methods (such as strengthening fertilizer and water management), physical control methods (such as stabbing the insect body with bamboo sticks), and chemical control methods (such as spraying cypermethrin). The amount of fertilizer should be strictly controlled. Bud removal should be carried out in batches. After the shape of the branches and trunks stabilizes, the aluminum wires should be removed as needed. This article provides a reference for the promotion of the techniques of production and management Celtis sinensis bonsai.

An in-depth analysis of the current development status of the rice industry in Anhui Province was conducted, key challenges were identified, and targeted recommendations were proposed. In Anhui Province, the sown area of rice remained stable, with gradual increases observed in both yield per unit area and total output. Regional distribution was progressively optimized, and continuous improvements were made in planting patterns and variety structure. Technological support was strengthened, leading to significant advancements in production techniques. The rice industry chain was further refined, and initial progress was achieved in brand development. Key challenges requiring attention included production infrastructure, scientific and technological support, the rice industry chain, and profitability of rice cultivation. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were proposed: infrastructure development and risk management were enhanced through the construction of high-standard farmland and the establishment of an intelligent meteorological disaster monitoring system; technological integration and promotion were accelerated by applying green, high quality, and efficient techniques such as side-deep fertilization, green pest control, and integrated rice farming; full-industry chain integration was promoted through contract farming, deep processing, and brand building to enhance product value; new quality productive forces in rice production were fostered by advancing research in biotechnology breeding, intelligent agricultural machinery, and smart farming technologies; building a diversified and complementary modern agricultural technology promotion and socialized service system. This study provided references for promoting high quality and high efficient development of the rice industry in Anhui Province.

To clarify the production pattern and scientific research status of tobacco leaves, the China Agricultural Statistical Yearbook (2013-2021) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database (2013-2023) were used as information sources, and bibliometric analysis methods were comprehensively applied to sort out the tobacco production pattern, tobacco research literature publication volume, publishing institutions, journal types, and project support. The results indicated that from 2013 to 2023, both the planting area and yield of tobacco in China showed an overall declining trend, while the unit yield fluctuated and gradually stabilized. Taking 2021 as an example, the southwestern region was identified as the main tobacco-growing area, accounting for approximately 63.7% of the national planting area and 60.9% of the total output. In terms of publication volume, the number of publications on tobacco research was showing a downward trend from 2013 to 2020. From 2021 to 2023, the number of publications on tobacco research remains stable at around 1 200. The contributing institutions were mainly concentrated in central, Southwestern, and Eastern China, with core institutions such as Henan Agricultural University and Hunan Agricultural University each publishing over 500 papers. The main journals publishing these articles at application-oriented journals. Project funding was primarily provided by the scientific and technological programs of the China National Tobacco Corporation system and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed that research hotspots focused on areas such as improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco, ameliorating tobacco-growing soils, optimizing fertilization techniques, and management diseases and pests. This indicates that current tobacco research is closely related to production reality, committed to solving key production technology problems, and providing reference for the sustainable development of the tobacco industry.

The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of the maize variety Fukeyu No.1 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line FS0744 (female parent) with FS0770 (male parent) and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenyu 2024T009). The plant type was semi-compact, with a total growth period of approximately 100 days. In regional trials, the average plant height was 262.5 cm, and the 1 000-grain weight was 310.0 g. Stable resistance to small spot disease and stalk rot disease, with excellent comprehensive resistance performance. Quality analysis revealed a test weight of 732-742 g/L and a crude protein content of 10.34%-10.59%. Multi-year, multi-location trials indicated that the variety was high yielding and stable, with yield increase of 7.62%-18.6% compared to the control variety Zhengdan 958. This variety is suitable for planting in summer-sown maize production areas north of the Huai River. Key cultivation techniques include the following steps: apply sufficient base fertilizer during land preparation and use granular insecticides to control soil pests; conduct summer sowing from mid-May to early June at a planting density of 63 000-67 500 plants/hm²; sun dry seeds before sowing and apply seed coating or chemical dressing to control pests and diseases and promote robust seedlings; during field management, thin and finalize seedlings in a timely manner, strengthen intertillage and weeding, and manage fertilizer and water appropriately. At the tasseling stage, combine topdressing with soil hilling; supplement water and fertilizer during the grain-filling stage to prevent premature senescence. Delay harvesting appropriately at maturity; mechanically harvest when the kernel milk line disappears and a black layer forms, and dry the grains promptly to a moisture content below 14% for safe storage. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of this variety in similar ecological regions.

Sanghuang is a traditional medicinal fungus, mainly including 4 common species: Sanghuangporus sanghuang, Sanghuangporus vaninii, Sanghuangporus baumii and Inonotus hispidus. To clarify the differences in their main active components and the adaptability of their extraction processes, this study systematically reviews the pharmacological effects of the 3 main active components (polysaccharides, polyphenols and terpenoids) and the characteristics of their corresponding extraction processes. The results showed that Sanghuang polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities; Sanghuang polyphenols mainly displayed antioxidant, anti-tumor and hypoglycemic effects, among which the polyphenols from Sanghuangporus baumii had potential value for dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes; Sanghuang terpenoids focused on antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. In terms of extraction processes, the ultrasonic-hot water synergistic method and enzymatic method achieved relatively high yields (1.3%-5.5%) in polysaccharide extraction and were suitable for the preparation of high-purity polysaccharides; as an emerging green technology, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) method for polyphenol extraction obtained an extraction rate 1.5-1.9 times that of traditional methods; the ultrasonic-ethanol method and in-situ extraction fermentation method (with a yield of 14-19 g/L) showed strong applicability in terpenoid extraction. In conclusion, this study clarified the characteristics of active components and the adaptability of extraction processes among different Sanghuang species, sorted out the features and application scenarios of various extraction methods, and provided references for the efficient development and utilization of Sanghuang resources.

This article summarized and analyzed the main factors affecting the formation of flavor compounds in black tea from 3 aspects: tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology. In terms of tea varieties, the genetic characteristics of different tea plant cultivars were found to shape the specific aroma profiles and flavor styles of black tea. Regarding the growing environment, altitude influenced tea plant metabolism through diurnal temperature variations, with black tea grown at higher altitudes（above 800 m）generally exhibiting superior flavor. Light quality and photoperiod, were shown to activate specific enzyme systems, promoting the synthesis of theaflavins and the formation of aroma precursors such as esters. Soil pH（optimal range 4.5-5.5）, nutrients（e.g., potassium, phosphorus, magnesium）, and microbial communities jointly regulated root development and secondary metabolism in tea plants, directly affecting the content and ratio of flavor compounds such as tea polyphenols. In terms of processing techniques, key processing techniques such as withering, rolling, fermentation, and drying are used to synergistically regulate the flavor compounds of black tea. Optimal combination of suitable process parameters （e.g., withering moisture loss rate of 60%-65%, rolling duration of 40-60 min, fermentation temperature of 25 ℃）was found to improve the color, aroma, taste, and storage performance of the tea infusion. The synergistic effect of tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology helps to stabilize and improve the flavor compounds of black tea, thereby enhancing its quality.

The comprehensive land consolidation in the whole region is a spatial governance activity that takes the territorial spatial planning as the basis and promotes the consolidation of agricultural land, construction land, ecological protection and restoration in a coordinated manner within a certain area. Combined with the promotion practice of the pilot project of comprehensive land consolidation in Anhui Province, the achievements and key areas to focus on in the whole region of this area were analyzed, and optimal pathways were proposed. At present, through the implementation of projects such as the construction of high standard farmland, the improvement of village supporting facilities, the improvement of woodland, and the integration of agriculture, culture and tourism, the optimization of land spatial layout has been realized, the living environment has been improved, the ecological environment has been improved, the industrial integration and development have been promoted, and the residents' income has been increased. However, in practice, particular attention must be paid to planning guidance, the attractiveness of industrial development, diversified funding channels, the synergy of pilot projects, and approaches to land ownership adjustment. Based on this, targeted optimization pathways were put forward, including strengthening the investigation and analysis of basic potential to improve the comprehensive land consolidation planning; combining with the existing resource base, actively exploring incentive measures in terms of land supply and factor guarantee to enhance the attraction of industries; exploring diversified investment and financing models in light of its own conditions; adopting the mode of “government overall planning and departmental coordination” to establish a co-construction and sharing mechanism; exploring the establishment of a technical system for investigation, evaluation, distribution and registration of land ownership adjustment to improve the measures for land ownership adjustment. This paper provides a reference for further promoting the comprehensive land consolidation work in the whole region of the study area.

To investigate the growth and quality differences of main flue-cured tobacco varieties in the Honghe tobacco-growing area across different years, a relatively fixed micro-ecological zone within the area was selected. Changes in growth period, agronomic traits, appearance quality, physical characteristics, and chemical components and sensory quality of cured tobacco leaves of varieties K326 and Yunyan 87 from 2020 to 2024 were analyzed. The results showed that, except for 2024, the sowing and transplanting dates were consistent for both varieties. K326 exhibited slightly later growth stages than Yunyan 87, while the field growth periods were similar. From 2020 to 2024, the agronomic traits of both varieties showed significant interannual variation. The average values for plant height, internode distance, and length and width of the waist leaves of K326 were generally smaller than those of Yunyan 87, while stem girth was comparable. Yunyan 87 overall outperformed K326 in leaf structure and oil content, but had slightly poorer leaf identity. Differences in color, maturity, and chroma between the two varieties were minimal. Physical characteristics showed little variation across years. K326 had suitable leaf surface density and tensile strength, while Yunyan 87 had moderate tensile strength but slightly lower leaf surface density. Both varieties exhibited a relatively high stem ratio. The chemical components of both varieties showed little interannual fluctuation. The contents of total alkaloids, total nitrogen, reducing sugars, and other indicators in the middle leaves fell within the range for high-quality tobacco. The sensory quality of middle leaves was relatively better in 2021 and 2022, with K326 slightly outperforming Yunyan 87 in this aspect. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the local flue-cured tobacco industry.