This paper systematically sorted out the application status, development trends, and exploration directions of smart livestock and poultry technology in representative categories such as chickens, pigs, and cattle, identified existing problems, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. Smart livestock and poultry technology had achieved large-scale application in multiple fields: environmental regulation technology could optimize the breeding environment in real time and handle abnormalities; information collection technology realized the monitoring of livestock and poultry status and accurate identification through sensors, visual recognition, deep learning, and other means; precision feeding technology achieved the whole-process optimization of intelligent feed proportioning, feeding, and consumption monitoring; and breeding management platforms integrated general and personalized functions such as environmental monitoring, remote regulation, and production traceability. At the level of development and exploration, smart breeding, through the in-depth integration of information technology and breeding work, shortened the breeding cycle and improved enterprise benefits; intelligent breeding large models were initially built and accelerated breed improvement. Livestock and poultry live asset loans used information technology to realize the confirmation of rights and data verification of live livestock and poultry assets, which solved the financing problems of breeding enterprises to a certain extent. Currently, the development of smart livestock and poultry was faced with problems such as insufficient accuracy of individual identification, unbalanced digital development, lack of standards, poor platform data sharing, and insufficient breeding models. In response, this paper put forward suggestions such as improving identification accuracy, formulating unified standards, promoting platform sharing, and advancing the development and application of breeding models. With the continuous advancement of technology and changes in breeding needs, the application of information technology in livestock and poultry breeding would become more extensive and in-depth. This paper provides a reference for promoting the high quality and efficient development of the livestock and poultry industry.

The current situation and underlying causes of the veterinary licensing examination in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed, based on examination data, and proposes targeted development recommendations. From 2010 to 2024, the number of online applicants for the veterinary licensing examination in the study region climbed to 25 223, demonstrating a marked growth trend. The gender ratio of examinees decreased substantially from 5.96 in 2010 to 1.09 in 2024, indicating a gradual trend toward balance. The number of participants holding a master’s degree increased by 125%, reflecting a notable rise in the overall educational level. A marked increase in student participants and a diversification of their professional backgrounds were also observed. These changes were primarily attributed to the expansion of the breeding industry, growing pressure for disease prevention and control, the rapid growth of the pet healthcare market, evolving industry and market demands, and enhanced linkages between education and practice. Based on these findings, recommendations were proposed including strengthening examination services and resource support by optimizing the distribution of test centers, establishing stable examination bases, and implementing a “pre-payment+post-examination refund” mechanism; deepening the integration of continuing education and career development by establishing a tiered and classified continuing education system, innovating educational models and resource integration, and strengthening supervision and effect evaluation; promoting the precise alignment of talent cultivation with industrial needs by refining university curricula, expanding practice scopes, and enhancing talent guidance. This study aims to provide insights for promoting the professionalization and standardization of the veterinary industry.

This article summarized the ecological cultivation techniques for blueberry whole industry chain from aspects such as site selection, soil improvement, variety selection, cultivation, and field management. Considering factors such as sunlight, soil and terrain conditions, priority is given to choosing sunny hillsides or open plains with sufficient sunlight. The soil pH should be between 4.0 and 5.0, and the terrain must be flat and have good drainage. Sulfur powder is applied to adjust the soil pH, and organic materials such as decomposed farmyard manure and peat soil are used to increase the organic matter content of the soil. In cold northern regions, dwarf or semi-highbush blueberry varieties can be chosen; in warm and humid southern regions, southern highbush or rabbiteye blueberry varieties can be planted. The best time for planting blueberries is from December to January of the following year. Pollen trees should be planted in a ratio of 3∶1 or 4∶1 according to the main cultivar and pollinator cultivar. Strengthen field management, apply organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizer, and perform reasonable pruning. Adopt agricultural control measures (preferably using disease-resistant varieties, timely removing diseased and dead plants, etc.), physical control (such as insect traps)and biological control (predatory insects, biological preparations, etc.) measures for green control of diseases and pests. Implement precise harvesting and cold chain transportation. This article provides a reference for the green ecological cultivation of blueberries and the sustainable development of the blueberry industry.

Bifenthrin·clothianidin is a new type of compound insecticide that can be used to control more than 20 pests such as Helicoverpa armigera. This study explores the properties, composition, action mechanism, and application effects of this suspension concentrate, as well as its application technologies and practices in the agricultural field, and prospects for future research. The suspension concentrate is formulated by combining two active ingredients, bifenthrin and clothianidin, with dual characteristics of rapid insecticidal activity and long-term protection. Its action mechanism includes contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, and systemic translocation: it can penetrate into the insect body either by directly contacting the insect surface (dissolving the waxy layer on the exoskeleton or through microscopic pores), enter via the insect’s mouthparts and digestive tract, or indirectly infiltrate the insect body when the pest engages in piercing-sucking feeding on plant stems and leaves treated with the insecticide, ultimately leading to insect death by poisoning. In terms of application effects, this insecticide offers advantages such as a broad insecticidal spectrum, quick-acting and long-lasting efficacy, low toxicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. It also exhibits excellent environmental and ecological safety: it is safe for crop growth, compatible with other chemical agents, has minimal impacts on aquatic organisms and beneficial organisms, and can degrade into harmless substances in soil over time. Previously, this insecticide has been used to control pests such as aphids, cutworms, thrips, and pear psylla on various crops including food crops, fruits, and vegetables, and can be applied through methods such as spraying, drip irrigation, and drenching. In the future, efforts will be made to further optimize its formulation, develop more efficient and stable dosage forms, and conduct research on environmental friendliness and precise application technologies. In summary, bifenthrin·clothianidin suspension concentrate can reduce the application rate of chemical pesticides, delay the development of pest resistance, and extend the service life of pesticides, thereby boasting broad application prospects.

This article systematically expounded the prospects of developing the Camellia oleifera planting industry from 3 aspects: economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. It introduced its biological characteristics from aspects such as botanical features, ecological habits, growth and development characteristics, reproductive ability and adaptability. On this basis, it further summarized the key points of Camellia oleifera cultivation and management techniques and conducts an in-depth analysis of its economic benefits. Tea oil had multiple uses such as food, cosmetics and medicine. The cultivation of Camellia oleifera could increase vegetation coverage and improve local climate. The related industry also promoted the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and employment of rural labor force. This plant was an evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family. It preferred warm and humid environments, enjoyed sunlight, and had strong adaptability and stress resistance. It was widely planted in southern regions and was mainly used for extracting tea oil. The key points of cultivation and management techniques for Camellia oleifera mainly included selecting an area where the climate conditions were suitable for the growth of this plant, scientific land preparation, and selecting high quality varieties with strong disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability. The propagation of Camellia oleifera mainly included seed propagation, cutting propagation, grafting propagation, etc. Single or double row planting was adopted, with a planting density of 80 to 120 plants /667 m². The trees, shrubs, and other plants in the Camellia oleifera forest were regularly removed. The seedlings were watered moderately. Drainage was ensured during the rainy season, and organic fertilizers were applied scientifically. During the young tree stage, mainly shape the trees. During the fruiting period, prune diseased and pest-infested branches, overly dense branches and overgrown branches. Comprehensive control methods should be adopted, including agricultural control (such as removing diseased branches and leaves), biological control (such as releasing natural enemy species of pests), and chemical control. Economic benefit analysis indicated that, the initial investment for Camellia oleifera cultivation was between 1 000 and 2 000 yuan/667 m², the annual management cost was between 1 000 and 1 500 yuan/667 m², and the annual income was between 3 400 and 11 200 yuan/667 m². After deducting the costs, the annual net income was between 1 400 and 8 700 yuan/667 m², demonstrating significant economic benefits. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of the Camellia oleifera industry.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m² for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m² for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

This study systematically explores the importance, principles, specific methods, and supporting precautions of pruning techniques for ornamental peonies. The pruning of ornamental peonies must follow 4 core principles: balanced growth coordination, ventilation and light penetration, disease and pest prevention, and aesthetic shaping. Pruning is mainly carried out in spring and autumn. In spring, it is conducted before flower bud germination, with core operations including cutting off suckers, thinning flowers and buds, and removing withered flowers. In autumn, it is implemented after leaf fall, focusing on operations such as stub cutting, main branch determination, selection and retention of flowering branches, and removal of diseased, weak branches and abnormal buds. Based on this, this paper proposes a coordinated pruning model consisting of the “three cuttings and one determination” in spring (cutting suckers, thinning flower buds, removing withered flowers, and determining main branches) and the “three removals and two cuttings” in autumn (clearing diseased and weak branches, clearing crossing branches, clearing abnormal buds, cutting unlignified shoots, and cutting redundant flowering branches). Additionally, key supporting management points are clarified, including tool selection and disinfection, water and fertilizer management after pruning, and regular plant monitoring and maintenance. This technical system can provide technical support for the standardized shaping of ornamental peony plant type, precise regulation of flowering period, and sustainable cultivation management, and has important practical value for improving landscape effects and extending the peony industry chain.

The biological mechanisms underlying the invasion and spread of Solidago canadensis were elaborated, along with control strategies and advances in comprehensive utilization. Its invasive spread was attributed to several biological mechanisms, including the formation of polyploid complexes, combination of sexual and asexual reproduction, production of allelochemicals, and synergistic interactions with microorganisms. Integrated management of this invasive plant should be implemented based on its life history and invasion characteristics, combining agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods for comprehensive control. Agricultural control was implemented through tillage, crop rotation, plastic film mulching, and planting competitive species to suppress its growth. Bio-ecological management was carried out by introducing natural enemies or replacement plants to restore ecological diversity. Physical removal (manual uprooting, mechanical excavation) was preferably conducted during the mid-to-late growth stages, with careful attention paid to rhizome treatment to prevent regrowth. Chemical eradication was achieved using herbicides such as glyphosate, applied according to habitat-specific needs to avoid resistance development. Management was implemented in phases with multi-measure coordination, emphasizing ecological safety and sustained control. Regarding comprehensive utilization, the plant was found to be rich in active components (diterpenes, triterpenes) with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, indicating high potential for pharmaceutical development. Its high crude protein and fiber content made it suitable as quality green forage or silage for ruminants like cattle and sheep. The high fiber content also rendered it an ideal raw material for papermaking and fiberboard production, as well as for conversion into biomass energy. Through comprehensive utilization such as materialization, feed production, and substrate application, its invasive impact could be mitigated, achieving both economic and ecological benefits. At present, challenges remain in the control and utilization of this invasive plant, including accelerated spread due to human activities, high costs of existing control technologies, and technical bottlenecks in resource utilization. In the future, an integrated management system combining scientific, policy, and social efforts needs to be established. This article provides a reference for the control and resource utilization of Solidago canadensis.

The current application of technologies in grain storage were reviewed, and a grain storage system architecture based on digital twin technology and blockchain was introduced. Current grain storage technologies were evolving toward intelligent and green development. IoT sensors enable real-time collection of multi-dimensional information such as temperature, humidity, pests, and gas concentrations. Wireless technologies like NB-IoT, LoRa, and 5G ensure efficient data transmission, while cloud platforms and AI algorithms support intelligent analysis and early warning. The grain monitoring system based on digital twin technology and blockchain is a grain condition monitoring system. This system collects and transmits grain storage environmental data in real time through the perception and transmission layers. The model layer constructs a virtual representation of the physical grain storage, enabling grain condition prediction and optimized control through multi-source data fusion and simulation. The application layer utilizes AI and big data for analysis and decision-making, and introduces blockchain technology to record the entire data process, ensuring transparency and traceability of information. Its widespread application is currently constrained by multidimensional factors such as technology, cost, collaboration, and system. The next step is to gradually build a new intelligent grain storage system through technological iteration, ecological co construction, and other means.

The virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips is able to restore variety characteristics and improve potato yield and quality, making it one of the key biotechnologies in seed potato production. The entire process of virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips was systematically elaborated, and its common problems along with control strategies were summarized. The technical procedure involved pretreatment of explants, shoot tip dissection, primary culture of plantlets, virus detection, and in vitro propagation of plantlets. During the primary culture stage, the explants were sterilized and pretreated, and then cultured in a specific medium to induce the differentiation of apical meristems into plantlets. The obtained primary plantlets were subjected to virus detection using serological and molecular biological methods. After confirming the absence of viruses, the plantlets were transferred to propagation and strengthening media for multiplication. 3 major issues encountered during the tissue culture process were contamination, vitrification, and browning. Contamination, caused by bacteria, fungi, or endophytes, was prevented through strict aseptic techniques, environmental sterilization, and the addition of antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents to the culture medium. Vitrified plantlets, characterized by a translucent and fragile appearance, were primarily induced by unsuitable culture conditions or excessive subculturing, and could be mitigated by adjusting light and temperature conditions, regulating hormone concentrations, and incorporating dark culture periods. Browning, a phenomenon where wounded explants secreted brown substances leading to death, was commonly suppressed by adding anti-browning agents such as sodium thiosulfate. This article provides a reference for the production of virus-free seed potatoes

The myostatin gene MSTN, a crucial regulator of muscle development, holds significant research value and application potential in livestock production. This article reviewed the research progress on the mechanism of action of the MSTN gene, its role in livestock and poultry growth, and its application in livestock and poultry breeding improvement. MSTN inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, thereby reducing muscle growth rate and meat yield. Its regulatory process involves multiple coordinated signaling pathways, such as modulating the expression of factors like Myf5, MyoD, and CDK2, and interacting with molecules including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). During animal growth, MSTN regulates skeletal muscle development by suppressing both the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of muscle fibers, and it can also influence fatty acid metabolism by altering mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Regarding breeding applications, key SNPs have been identified within the MSTN gene in cattle, goats, pigs, and other livestock. These SNPs can serve as molecular markers for meat traits, facilitating efficient breeding programs. Utilizing individuals with MSTN mutations through crossbreeding strategies (e.g., two-way or three-way crosses) alongside precise feeding management enables the development of superior breeds with excellent characteristics. Furthermore, modern gene-editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied to the MSTN gene to promote muscle growth, improve meat quality, and create new livestock lines. This review provides a reference for the application of the MSTN gene in livestock and poultry genetic breeding.

The advantages, types, production processes, color treatment technologies, and preservation methods of dried flowers were systematically explored, aiming to provide practical technical references for dried flower production enthusiasts and theoretical support for the standardized and large-scale development of the dried flower industry. The core advantages of dried flowers lie in using natural plants as raw materials, which can retain the original shape and color of plants, have a long ornamental period, break through the limitation of flowering periods to realize free matching, and feature diverse application methods as well as low costs and low risks in the circulation link. In terms of classification, dried flowers can be divided into three-dimensional flowers and flat flowers by shape; by color treatment method, they can be divided into original-color dried flowers, bleached dried flowers, dyed dried flowers, and painted dried flowers. In terms of production processes, the collection of flower materials should be selected according to application scenarios, and post-harvest flower materials need to be preserved, trimmed and matched with appropriate equipment; drying methods include pressed flower drying, natural drying, desiccant embedding drying, and artificial environment-controlled drying. Color treatment technologies include chemical color retention, dyeing, and painting. For preservation, it is necessary to avoid light, high humidity, and insect infestation; dried flowers are recommended to be placed in a dry, well-ventilated, and clean environment, and insect prevention measures should be taken when necessary. In the future, with the innovation of dried flower technology and the expansion of application scenarios, the dried flower industry is expected to play a greater role in the fields of decoration, art, and environmental protection, further contributing to the sustainable development of related industries.

This study took rose tea, honeysuckle tea and jasmine tea as the research objects, and systematically analyzed the nutritional composition, flavor matching and physiological effects of the 3 kinds of floral teas. In terms of nutritional composition, rose tea was made from dried rose petals and rich in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and mineral elements, which could participate in multiple physiological processes of the human body; honeysuckle tea was a kind of tea with both medicinal and edible values, containing active components such as flavonoids, chlorogenic acids and triterpenoid saponins, and possessing both nutritional and medicinal values; jasmine tea was scented with green tea as the base, rich in functional substances such as tea polyphenols and catechins, with abundant nutritional components. In terms of flavor matching, rose tea had the best compatibility with black tea and white tea, which could form complementary flavors or tastes with distinct layers; honeysuckle tea could be mixed with green tea and chrysanthemum tea; jasmine tea made tea leaves fully absorb the fragrance of jasmine through the scenting process, and the finished product presented greenish soup color and rich fragrance. In terms of physiological effects, rose tea exhibited positive effects in the auxiliary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and bacteriostasis and sterilization, and its core active components could regulate blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid as well as inhibit the proliferation of various pathogenic bacteria; honeysuckle tea had good anti-inflammatory and immune activity, and could assist in inhibiting various pathogenic bacteria and viruses; jasmine tea could play a role in assisting in enhancing the body’s immunity and regulating blood lipid. This study sorted out the characteristics and application advantages of the three kinds of floral teas, and provided references for their daily edible collocation and product research and development.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has a negative impact on the sustainable and healthy development of the pig industry. Developing regional purification is an effective way to control PRRS. This article systematically discusses the characteristics of PRRSV, the current status of PRRS prevention and control, and the research progress of PRRS purification. PRRSV is an enveloped spherical single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with strong mutation and recombination ability, diverse and complex genetic background, and both antibody-dependent enhancement and persistent infection characteristics, making its comprehensive prevention and control difficult. Currently, common prevention and control measures include vaccination and drug treatment. Inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and new vaccines (subunit vaccines, nucleic acid/mRNA vaccines, etc.) can all effectively reduce the risk of PRRSV infection. Natural compounds such as dicoumarol and morin C, as well as Chinese herbal extracts such as Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharides and Isatis indigotica polysaccharides, all have anti-PRRSV effects. Implementing regional purification of PRRS is an important means to control PRRSV. Currently, most pig farms are actively exploring the establishment of PRRS purification models for large-scale farms, and the number of successfully purified PRRS farms is increasing year by year. PRRS regional purification includes improving the biosecurity system through measures such as physical isolation, personnel control, material disinfection, and harmless treatment; selecting appropriate purification strategies such as thorough depopulation and repopulation, testing and culling, and closed purification, while also supplemented by regular and continuous testing to ensure and consolidate the purification results. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control and purification of PRRS.

To further screen and enrich the types of excellent fresh waxy maize varieties, this study conducted a demonstration trial with 18 fresh waxy maize varieties including Heijin 699, Ruihezaonuo, and Shenketiannuo 99 as test materials, comparing and analyzing their growth period, main agronomic traits, ear traits, occurrence of diseases and insect pests, quality, and yield. The results showed that Ruihebainuo 80 germinated 7 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 213.7 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 20.1 cm, tip barrenness was 0.3 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 35.8 g; the total quality score was 88.8 points, and the yield reached 16 716.7 kg/hm². Shenketiannuo 99 germinated 6 days after sowing; its plant height was 207.5 cm, with a lodging rate of 0.4% and no stem breaking; the ear length was 19.6 cm, tip barrenness was 0.9 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 37.2 g; the total quality score was 88.1 points, and the yield was 14 441.7 kg/hm². Huanaicaitiannuo 102 germinated 6 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 234.1 cm, with a lodging rate of 0.4% and no stem breaking; the ear length was 21.7 cm, tip barrenness was 1.0 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 42.5 g; the total quality score was 87.8 points, and the yield amounted to 16 039.6 kg/hm². Shenbaitiannuo No. 3 germinated 7 days after sowing; its plant height was 196.3 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 19.3 cm, tip barrenness was 1.1 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 41.0 g; the total quality score was 88.2 points, and the yield was 13 981.3 kg/hm². Huhongnuo No. 1 germinated 6 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 227.3 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 19.1 cm, no tip barrenness, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 40.5 g; the total quality score was 90.4 points, and the yield reached 14 731.3 kg/hm². Heijin 699 germinated 7 days after sowing; its plant height was 188.1 cm, with no lodging but a stem breaking rate of 1.7%; the ear length was 18.0 cm, tip barrenness was 0.4 cm, the fresh 100-grain weight was 34.7 g, and it had purple kernels; the total quality score was 88.5 points, and the yield was 12 708.3 kg/hm². For all the above varieties, the incidence grade of sheath blight, stem rot and Asian corn borer was grade 1. Comprehensively, Ruihebainuo 80 had an outstanding yield advantage and excellent quality performance; three varieties, namely Huanaicaitiannuo 102, Shenketiannuo 99 and Shenbaitiannuo No. 3, showed good yield and quality, with good comprehensive traits; Huhongnuo No. 1 had relatively high yield, excellent quality and good marketability; although Heijin 699 had no prominent yield advantage, it had a sweet, tender and glutinous taste, good quality and purple kernels, with good commercial appearance. All the 6 above-mentioned varieties had good comprehensive performance and could be promoted for cultivation in the study area.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

Based on the practice of land-based circular tank recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, key technical aspects, including system construction, pre-stocking preparations, fingerling release, and feeding management were summarized, and the economic benefits of this farming model were analyzed. The land-based circular tank RAS technology involved selecting an area with abundant water sources, convenient transportation, and stable power supply to construct the system, which included circular farming tanks, water intake and drainage systems, supporting equipment, a tailwater treatment system, and an online water quality monitoring system. Before stocking, comprehensive system ventilation and disinfection were carried out. Fish seeds from reliable sources, healthy and free of parasites were selected. During the farming process, precise feeding was conducted based on the condition of the fish. Daily monitoring of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and other physicochemical indicators in the tanks was performed using online water quality monitoring equipment (dissolved oxygen ≥ 5.5 mg/L, pH 7.0-8.0, ammonia nitrogen content < 0.4 mg/L, nitrite content < 0.1 mg/L). Solid waste in the micro-screen filters and three-stage sedimentation tanks was regularly treated. Herbal or chemical agents were periodically applied to the aquaculture water for parasite control and disinfection. Farming practice results show that after 200 days of land-based circular tank farming, the average feed conversion ratio for Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was 1.50, with an average survival rate of 89.67%. The average yield per tank was 1 222.33 kg, with an output value of 30 558 RMB and a net profit of 4 524 RMB. In summary, this technical model offers advantages such as flexible installation, small land footprint, recycling of water resources, and easy tailwater treatment with minimal pollution, aligning with the green development direction of modern fisheries while achieving favorable economic benefits, making it suitable for promotion and application in production.

The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of the maize variety Fukeyu No.1 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line FS0744 (female parent) with FS0770 (male parent) and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenyu 2024T009). The plant type was semi-compact, with a total growth period of approximately 100 days. In regional trials, the average plant height was 262.5 cm, and the 1 000-grain weight was 310.0 g. Stable resistance to small spot disease and stalk rot disease, with excellent comprehensive resistance performance. Quality analysis revealed a test weight of 732-742 g/L and a crude protein content of 10.34%-10.59%. Multi-year, multi-location trials indicated that the variety was high yielding and stable, with yield increase of 7.62%-18.6% compared to the control variety Zhengdan 958. This variety is suitable for planting in summer-sown maize production areas north of the Huai River. Key cultivation techniques include the following steps: apply sufficient base fertilizer during land preparation and use granular insecticides to control soil pests; conduct summer sowing from mid-May to early June at a planting density of 63 000-67 500 plants/hm²; sun dry seeds before sowing and apply seed coating or chemical dressing to control pests and diseases and promote robust seedlings; during field management, thin and finalize seedlings in a timely manner, strengthen intertillage and weeding, and manage fertilizer and water appropriately. At the tasseling stage, combine topdressing with soil hilling; supplement water and fertilizer during the grain-filling stage to prevent premature senescence. Delay harvesting appropriately at maturity; mechanically harvest when the kernel milk line disappears and a black layer forms, and dry the grains promptly to a moisture content below 14% for safe storage. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of this variety in similar ecological regions.

To clarify the production pattern and scientific research status of tobacco leaves, the China Agricultural Statistical Yearbook (2013-2021) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database (2013-2023) were used as information sources, and bibliometric analysis methods were comprehensively applied to sort out the tobacco production pattern, tobacco research literature publication volume, publishing institutions, journal types, and project support. The results indicated that from 2013 to 2023, both the planting area and yield of tobacco in China showed an overall declining trend, while the unit yield fluctuated and gradually stabilized. Taking 2021 as an example, the southwestern region was identified as the main tobacco-growing area, accounting for approximately 63.7% of the national planting area and 60.9% of the total output. In terms of publication volume, the number of publications on tobacco research was showing a downward trend from 2013 to 2020. From 2021 to 2023, the number of publications on tobacco research remains stable at around 1 200. The contributing institutions were mainly concentrated in central, Southwestern, and Eastern China, with core institutions such as Henan Agricultural University and Hunan Agricultural University each publishing over 500 papers. The main journals publishing these articles at application-oriented journals. Project funding was primarily provided by the scientific and technological programs of the China National Tobacco Corporation system and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed that research hotspots focused on areas such as improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco, ameliorating tobacco-growing soils, optimizing fertilization techniques, and management diseases and pests. This indicates that current tobacco research is closely related to production reality, committed to solving key production technology problems, and providing reference for the sustainable development of the tobacco industry.

This article introduces the growth characteristics of the Celtis sinensis tree and the varieties suitable for making bonsai. It focuses on elaborating the bonsai making methods such as bending the main stem, bending the branches, pruning the top plate, and forming a top with multiple branches, as well as management measures such as repotting, disease and pest control, fertilization, bud removal, and aluminum wire removal. Celtis sinensis, a deep-rooted deciduous tree of the genus Celtis in the Ulmaceae family, has the advantages of strong sprouting ability, tolerance to pruning, and tolerance to smoke and dust. It is an excellent material for making bonsai and can be used to create various types of bonsai such as straight-trunk, slanting-trunk, and curved-trunk. The varieties of Celtis sinensis suitable for making bonsai mainly include Celtis julianae, Celtis koraiensis, Celtis bungeana, and Celtis tetrandra. In terms of bonsai making, the seedlings of the Celtis sinensis cultivated in the current year should be planted in pots at a 45° angle in the spring of the following year. By the winter of the third year, the first-level branches need to be pruned and shaped, and the second-level branches need to be pruned and bent, with bending and top pruning done. In the late autumn of the fourth year, carry out the selection and pruning of the third-level branches, adjust the trend of the second-level branches, and prune and fix the branches that have sprouted from the third-level branches based on the principles of removing the strong and retaining the weak. Retain the chicken claw branches through re-pruning. In terms of bonsai management, the best time for repotting bonsai is from late October to early March of the following year in autumn. Repotting should be done once every 1 to 2 years. Pest and disease control can be carried out by using agricultural control methods (such as strengthening fertilizer and water management), physical control methods (such as stabbing the insect body with bamboo sticks), and chemical control methods (such as spraying cypermethrin). The amount of fertilizer should be strictly controlled. Bud removal should be carried out in batches. After the shape of the branches and trunks stabilizes, the aluminum wires should be removed as needed. This article provides a reference for the promotion of the techniques of production and management Celtis sinensis bonsai.

This study took the 2019–2023 crop yield data of Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province as the research object, combined with parameters such as the straw-to-grain ratio and collection coefficient, constructed estimation models for the collectible amount of straw as well as the value of straw for fertilizer and fuel purposes, systematically calculated the cost-benefit of different utilization methods (fertilizer, fuel, feed, substrate, and raw material), and proposed optimization measures based on the regional utilization status. The results showed that the collectible amount of straw in the study area showed a steady growth trend, reaching 1.224 5 million tons in 2023; the potential economic value of straw utilization for biogas production was the highest (1.647 billion yuan), if all the biogas was utilized, the theoretical calculation showed that the average income of cultivated land will increase by 13 218 yuan per hectare. The comprehensive utilization rate of straw was 95.2%, and the utilization structure was dominated by fertilizer use (accounting for 77.22%). Cost-benefit analysis indicated that the net benefit of straw utilization as feed was the highest (117.5 yuan per ton), while the utilization of straw for power generation, biogas production, and papermaking was greatly affected by factors such as technology and market conditions. The study area had great potential for straw resource utilization, but there were problems such as unbalanced utilization structure and low industrialization level of off-field straw utilization in some areas. It was suggested to promote the diversified comprehensive off-field utilization of straw and contribute to agricultural sustainable development by improving the straw collection, storage, and transportation system, cultivating demonstration enterprises, and popularizing high-efficiency utilization technologies. This paper provided a reference for the diversified comprehensive utilization of straw at the county level and the sustainable development of agriculture.

To investigate the effects of the plant growth regulator Iron Chlorine e6 on rice growth, an experiment was conducted using the rice variety Ningxiangjing 9. The following treatments were applied: seed dressing with 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 (A1, 22.5 g/hm²; A2, 45.0 g/hm²; A3, 67.5 g/hm²; A4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the jointing stage (B1, 22.5 g/hm²; B2, 45.0 g/hm²; B3, 67.5 g/hm²; B4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the booting stage (C1, 22.5 g/hm²; C2, 45.0 g/hm²; C3, 67.5 g/hm²; C4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control). The traits, yield, and safety of rice plants under different treatments were determined. The results showed that foliar spraying of 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 soluble powder increased panicle length and plant height, while seed dressing effectively thickened the basal internodes and enhanced lodging resistance. Both methods, at application rates of 45.0-90.0 g/hm², prevented lodging. Both seed dressing and foliar spraying of Iron Chlorine e6 increased the hundred-grain weight, seed setting rate, and yield of rice, with yield increases ranging from 2.14% to 11.95%. The C4 treatment achieved the highest yield (11 303.55 kg/hm²). All treatments were safe for rice growth. Considering economic benefits, it is recommended to apply 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 at 67.5 g/hm² during the booting stage to improve rice yield.

The genetic characteristics and types of rice dwarfism were systematically analyzed, the role of plant hormones was examined in this process, the ideal plant architecture for dwarf breeding was discussed, and prospects for future research directions were provided. Rice plant height determined jointly by the number and length of internodes, was identified as a key trait affecting lodging resistance and yield. Dwarfing mutants in rice types were diverse and could be classified inter-node shortening mode into categories such as d6-type and dm-type. Currently, plant height was categorized into tall, semi-dwarf, and dwarf based on height, though the distinction between semi-dwarf and dwarf remained to be clarified, reflecting the complexity of the underlying genetic mechanisms. Dwarfism was primarily associated with deficiencies in the metabolism or signal transduction of 3 types of hormones: gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and strigolactone (SL). Among these, GA and BR were directly involved in regulating internode elongation, and mutations in their related genes led to dwarfism. In contrast, SL synthetic gene mutations resulted in dwarfism along with increased tillering. A total of 36 major dwarf genes (sd1, d18, and etc.) had been cloned, providing important genetic resources for lodging-resistant breeding. The development of rice varieties with high lodging resistance, yield potential, and suitability for mechanized production had become a major objective in modern breeding. Progress in rice dwarf breeding was expected to be effectively advanced through in-depth research on the gene function, genetic diversity, and key gene networks of rice dwarfing mutants, combined with modern technologies such as gene editing and phenomics. This review provides a reference for the selection and improvement of rice varieties.

The manifestations and mechanisms of continuous cropping obstacles in ornamental gourds, with fruit morphology and cortex quality as the core values were systematically reviewed, and integrated control measures for cucurbit crops were proposed. The obstacle of continuous cropping of ornamental gourds refers to the growth inhibition phenomenon that occurs after continuous cultivation of the crop, which not only manifests as slow seedling growth, abnormal root development, decreased plant resistance, and high incidence of pests and diseases, but also directly leads to problems such as fruit deformity and rough cortex. The mechanisms primarily involve: imbalance of soil nutrients due to excessive fertilizer application, leading to micronutrient deficiency and salt accumulation; buildup of soil-borne pathogens and pests (Fusarium spp. and root-knot nematodes); and the accumulation of phenolic acids released through root exudates and residue decomposition. Based on this, a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for continuous cropping obstacles of cucurbit crops was summarized, with the premise of ensuring the commercialization of the crop, including soil management, regulating soil nutrition through balanced fertilization, increased organic fertilizer application, and supplementation of secondary and micronutrients, while utilizing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve the microecology. Pathogen control, implementing crop rotation models to disrupt pathogen cycles, combined with physical and chemical methods such as solarization and chemical disinfection to reduce soil pathogen load. Beneficial microorganisms should be reintroduced after disinfection to restore soil fertility. Biotechnology applications, breeding disease-resistant varieties and using grafting techniques (with pumpkin rootstocks) to enhance plant stress tolerance. These measures collectively form an integrated management system, providing a reference for addressing continuous cropping obstacles in ornamental gourds.

An in-depth analysis of the current development status of the rice industry in Anhui Province was conducted, key challenges were identified, and targeted recommendations were proposed. In Anhui Province, the sown area of rice remained stable, with gradual increases observed in both yield per unit area and total output. Regional distribution was progressively optimized, and continuous improvements were made in planting patterns and variety structure. Technological support was strengthened, leading to significant advancements in production techniques. The rice industry chain was further refined, and initial progress was achieved in brand development. Key challenges requiring attention included production infrastructure, scientific and technological support, the rice industry chain, and profitability of rice cultivation. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were proposed: infrastructure development and risk management were enhanced through the construction of high-standard farmland and the establishment of an intelligent meteorological disaster monitoring system; technological integration and promotion were accelerated by applying green, high quality, and efficient techniques such as side-deep fertilization, green pest control, and integrated rice farming; full-industry chain integration was promoted through contract farming, deep processing, and brand building to enhance product value; new quality productive forces in rice production were fostered by advancing research in biotechnology breeding, intelligent agricultural machinery, and smart farming technologies; building a diversified and complementary modern agricultural technology promotion and socialized service system. This study provided references for promoting high quality and high efficient development of the rice industry in Anhui Province.

This article summarized and analyzed the main factors affecting the formation of flavor compounds in black tea from 3 aspects: tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology. In terms of tea varieties, the genetic characteristics of different tea plant cultivars were found to shape the specific aroma profiles and flavor styles of black tea. Regarding the growing environment, altitude influenced tea plant metabolism through diurnal temperature variations, with black tea grown at higher altitudes（above 800 m）generally exhibiting superior flavor. Light quality and photoperiod, were shown to activate specific enzyme systems, promoting the synthesis of theaflavins and the formation of aroma precursors such as esters. Soil pH（optimal range 4.5-5.5）, nutrients（e.g., potassium, phosphorus, magnesium）, and microbial communities jointly regulated root development and secondary metabolism in tea plants, directly affecting the content and ratio of flavor compounds such as tea polyphenols. In terms of processing techniques, key processing techniques such as withering, rolling, fermentation, and drying are used to synergistically regulate the flavor compounds of black tea. Optimal combination of suitable process parameters （e.g., withering moisture loss rate of 60%-65%, rolling duration of 40-60 min, fermentation temperature of 25 ℃）was found to improve the color, aroma, taste, and storage performance of the tea infusion. The synergistic effect of tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology helps to stabilize and improve the flavor compounds of black tea, thereby enhancing its quality.

Sanghuang is a traditional medicinal fungus, mainly including 4 common species: Sanghuangporus sanghuang, Sanghuangporus vaninii, Sanghuangporus baumii and Inonotus hispidus. To clarify the differences in their main active components and the adaptability of their extraction processes, this study systematically reviews the pharmacological effects of the 3 main active components (polysaccharides, polyphenols and terpenoids) and the characteristics of their corresponding extraction processes. The results showed that Sanghuang polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities; Sanghuang polyphenols mainly displayed antioxidant, anti-tumor and hypoglycemic effects, among which the polyphenols from Sanghuangporus baumii had potential value for dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes; Sanghuang terpenoids focused on antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. In terms of extraction processes, the ultrasonic-hot water synergistic method and enzymatic method achieved relatively high yields (1.3%-5.5%) in polysaccharide extraction and were suitable for the preparation of high-purity polysaccharides; as an emerging green technology, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) method for polyphenol extraction obtained an extraction rate 1.5-1.9 times that of traditional methods; the ultrasonic-ethanol method and in-situ extraction fermentation method (with a yield of 14-19 g/L) showed strong applicability in terpenoid extraction. In conclusion, this study clarified the characteristics of active components and the adaptability of extraction processes among different Sanghuang species, sorted out the features and application scenarios of various extraction methods, and provided references for the efficient development and utilization of Sanghuang resources.

To develop functional foods using Cordyceps militaris, this study employed five grains as the solid culture medium for Cordyceps militaris. Through a fermentation process, Cordyceps militaris fermented powder rich in cordyceps active components and with balanced nutrition was prepared. The contents of functional components (adenosine, ergosterol, mannitol) and nutritional components (protein, amino acids, crude fat, crude fiber) between this fermented powder and unfermented five-grain powder were compared and analyzed. Meanwhile, indices such as amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS) were used to evaluate the nutritional value of proteins. The results showed that after fermentation, the mannitol content in the five-grain powder increased by approximately 34.60%, the adenosine content by 86.21%, and the ergosterol content by 295.43% compared with the unfermented state. In addition, the protein content of Cordyceps militaris fermented powder has increased by 5.47 percentage points compared with that in the unfermented state, while the contents of crude fat and crude fiber have increased slightly with small growth rates. After fermentation, the biological value （BV） and nutritional index （NI） of the miscellaneous grain powder have increased by 45.22% and 64.77% respectively compared with those in the unfermented state. Comprehensive evaluation results indicated that the nutritional value of Cordyceps militaris fermented powder was significantly superior to that of unfermented five-grain powder, and the protein amino acid balance in the Cordyceps militaris fermented powder was better. It has broad development and application prospects as well as good economic and social benefits. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the research and development of Cordyceps militaris-related foods.

This article summarized the cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield garlic from aspects such as variety selection, plot selection, land preparation and fertilization, and timely planting. According to different production purposes, suitable superior varieties should be selected. For example, varieties like Lunong Garlic can be chosen for garlic production, while varieties like Ershuizao can be selected for garlic shoots production. Choose land that is loose, fertile, well-drained and well-irrigated. It is not advisable to rotate with crops such as onions and leeks. The optimal time for garlic sowing is from mid-to-late September to early October. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked. Adequate base fertilizer should be applied. The planting depth should be 3 to 5 cm. When the garlic seedlings emerge, promptly remove the film and transplant the seedlings 3 to 5 days later. During the growth period, water and fertilize appropriately, and strengthen the prevention of diseases, pests and weeds. The garlic sprouts should be harvested 40 to 45 days after they start to differentiate. After the garlic sprouts are harvested, the garlic bulbs should be promptly harvested when the temperature rises to 26 ℃ and the plants show mature characteristics. This article provides a reference for the scientific cultivation of garlic.

The cultivation techniques for rice in the Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province were elaborated from 4 aspects: variety selection, strong seedling cultivation, field management, and harvesting and drying. In the study area, varieties could be reasonably selected based on consumer preferences and ecological conditions, prioritizing those with moderate growth duration, strong stress resistance, high yield, and good quality. Examples include japonica varieties such as Huajing No.5 and Shengdao 22, and indica varieties such as Quanliangyou 087 and Huiliangyou 898. During the strong seedling cultivation stage, standardized measures for seed treatment, seedbed preparation, precision sowing, and water and fertilizer management should be implemented. Healthy seedlings are cultivated through chemical seed soaking, timely sowing, and pest and disease control. In the field management stage, fine land preparation, sufficient base fertilizer application, and soil-sealing herbicide treatment are carried out before transplanting. During the tillering stage, shallow water irrigation, early tillering fertilizer application, and timely moderate field drying are implemented. At the jointing and booting stage, panicle fertilizer is applied precisely based on leaf age, and alternate wetting and drying water management is adopted. During the heading, flowering, grain filling, and maturation stages, a shallow water layer is maintained, with a focus on preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as false smut, and brown planthopper. During the harvesting and drying stage, rice is harvested at maturity when the panicles turn yellow but before lodging occurs. Drying should be carried out on sunny days, with grains spread thinly and evenly on flat, ventilated surfaces and frequently turned. After drying, the grains should be promptly bagged and stored in a dry environment. By comprehensively applying the above techniques, rice yield and quality can be effectively improved, ensuring safe rice production in the region.

The comprehensive land consolidation in the whole region is a spatial governance activity that takes the territorial spatial planning as the basis and promotes the consolidation of agricultural land, construction land, ecological protection and restoration in a coordinated manner within a certain area. Combined with the promotion practice of the pilot project of comprehensive land consolidation in Anhui Province, the achievements and key areas to focus on in the whole region of this area were analyzed, and optimal pathways were proposed. At present, through the implementation of projects such as the construction of high standard farmland, the improvement of village supporting facilities, the improvement of woodland, and the integration of agriculture, culture and tourism, the optimization of land spatial layout has been realized, the living environment has been improved, the ecological environment has been improved, the industrial integration and development have been promoted, and the residents' income has been increased. However, in practice, particular attention must be paid to planning guidance, the attractiveness of industrial development, diversified funding channels, the synergy of pilot projects, and approaches to land ownership adjustment. Based on this, targeted optimization pathways were put forward, including strengthening the investigation and analysis of basic potential to improve the comprehensive land consolidation planning; combining with the existing resource base, actively exploring incentive measures in terms of land supply and factor guarantee to enhance the attraction of industries; exploring diversified investment and financing models in light of its own conditions; adopting the mode of “government overall planning and departmental coordination” to establish a co-construction and sharing mechanism; exploring the establishment of a technical system for investigation, evaluation, distribution and registration of land ownership adjustment to improve the measures for land ownership adjustment. This paper provides a reference for further promoting the comprehensive land consolidation work in the whole region of the study area.

The efficient cultivation techniques for Scutellaria baicalensis were summarized in Tongwei, Gansu Province, based on its climatic and soil conditions, and optimization suggestions were proposed. The research area exhibits suitable temperature, adequate precipitation, and sufficient sunlight for the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis. Additionally, the significant diurnal temperature range (average daily range of 10–15°C) facilitates the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The soil is primarily weakly alkaline sandy loam with good permeability, meeting the growth requirements of the plant. Efficient cultivation techniques include selecting gently sloping land sheltered from wind with ample sunlight and deep soil layers. Autumn deep plowing and sufficient base fertilizer application (2 500–3 000 kg/667 m² of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50 kg/667 m² of calcium superphosphate) are employed to improve soil quality. Before sowing, high-quality seeds such as ‘Longqin No.1’ are soaked and germinated, with sowing conducted in mid-April. Field management practices include “seedling hardening to promote root growth” precise drip irrigation, and demand-based topdressing. Weed control combines intertillage, straw mulching, and ecological intercropping. Disease and pest management prioritizes agricultural, ecological, and physical methods. After 2–3 years of growth, the plants are harvested on sunny autumn days, followed by washing, sun-drying, bark removal, slicing, low-temperature drying, and vacuum packaging for storage. Based on these practices, further optimization of efficient cultivation techniques can be achieved through rational planning of production bases, selecting well-drained plots, exploring optimized sowing periods, water cellar drip irrigation, forest-medicinal intercropping, and crop rotation models. Enhancing field drainage and intertillage can prevent waterlogging. This study provides valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of the Scutellaria baicalensis industry and promoting eco-friendly development in related regions.

To investigate the growth and quality differences of main flue-cured tobacco varieties in the Honghe tobacco-growing area across different years, a relatively fixed micro-ecological zone within the area was selected. Changes in growth period, agronomic traits, appearance quality, physical characteristics, and chemical components and sensory quality of cured tobacco leaves of varieties K326 and Yunyan 87 from 2020 to 2024 were analyzed. The results showed that, except for 2024, the sowing and transplanting dates were consistent for both varieties. K326 exhibited slightly later growth stages than Yunyan 87, while the field growth periods were similar. From 2020 to 2024, the agronomic traits of both varieties showed significant interannual variation. The average values for plant height, internode distance, and length and width of the waist leaves of K326 were generally smaller than those of Yunyan 87, while stem girth was comparable. Yunyan 87 overall outperformed K326 in leaf structure and oil content, but had slightly poorer leaf identity. Differences in color, maturity, and chroma between the two varieties were minimal. Physical characteristics showed little variation across years. K326 had suitable leaf surface density and tensile strength, while Yunyan 87 had moderate tensile strength but slightly lower leaf surface density. Both varieties exhibited a relatively high stem ratio. The chemical components of both varieties showed little interannual fluctuation. The contents of total alkaloids, total nitrogen, reducing sugars, and other indicators in the middle leaves fell within the range for high-quality tobacco. The sensory quality of middle leaves was relatively better in 2021 and 2022, with K326 slightly outperforming Yunyan 87 in this aspect. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the local flue-cured tobacco industry.

Combined with the actual planting conditions and practical production experience of strawberry in Northern Anhui Province, this paper summarized the key technologies for its early maturing and high yield from the aspects of variety selection and seedling treatment, soil management, field planting and hormonal growth regulation, environmental control, plant regulation, as well as disease and pest prevention and control strategies. The specific techniques are as follows: selecting strawberry varieties (Hongyan, Miaoxiang No.7) with characteristics of early maturing, high yield, low temperature tolerance, shade tolerance and high humidity resistance; using virus-free first-generation seedlings (with fresh weight ≥ 25 g, plant height ≥ 20 cm, plump terminal buds and no pests or diseases); transplanting the seedlings into nutrient pots for a 10-day heeling-in treatment, followed by a 20-day low-temperature cold storage treatment, during which natural light or LED supplementary lighting in the storage should be rationally applied; conducting solar thermal disinfection or chemical disinfection on the soil before planting, and implementing reasonable crop rotation in the planting area to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles; performing root dipping treatment with 24% Jinggangmycin A 1 000-fold dilution solution combined with 25% prochloraz 500-fold dilution solution prior to field planting, and carrying out field planting from August 15 to 20; spraying an appropriate amount of 15% paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃) wettable powder 20 days after field planting to control plant growth; reasonably regulating temperature, humidity, light intensity and fertilizer application during the growth period, and conducting the removal of old, weak and diseased leaves as well as stolons, flower and fruit thinning, and pollination on the plants; following the plant protection principle of prevention first and integrated control in the process of pest and disease management, and adopting a combination of physical, biological and chemical control methods. This study provides a reference for the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of the strawberry industry and the high quality development of regional characteristic agriculture in Northern Anhui Province and similar regions.

To understand the occurrence and damage caused by diseases and pests in landscape plants in the Gusu District of Suzhou City, an investigation was conducted in 2024 using a combination of key surveys and transect surveys, and monitoring equipment such as insect traps. The study focused on common types of diseases and pests and the extent of damage in major scenic areas, parks, and green spaces within the region. The results indicated that 28 major diseases were identified on landscape plants in the study area, with severe cases notably including hawthorn leaf blight, redbud angular leaf spot, and plane tree powdery mildew. Additionally, 68 major pest species were identified, with 15 causing significant damage, such as Diaphania perspectalis, Histia rhodope, and Pammene ginkgoicola. Overall, the occurrence of diseases and pests in the study area was characterized by severe sunscald, relatively heavy occurrences of powdery mildew and rust, and moderate occurrences of anthracnose, leaf spot, and sooty mold. Among pests, borers were relatively prevalent, while leaf-eating pests such as Histia rhodope were moderately common in the early stages, and sap-sucking pests like the sycamore lace bug were moderately to heavily prevalent. Based on these findings, control measures were proposed to include improving plant maintenance and pest management, enhancing monitoring and plant quarantine efforts, and adopting integrated management strategies such as physical and biological control methods.

To further optimize the grape planting structure in the Weinan area of Shaanxi Province, this paper took the main grape variety Sunshine Muscat in the study area as the control and conducted introduction experiments on the 2 introduced grape varieties, Yongyou No.1 and Xinyu. The phenological period, net photosynthetic rate and other photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, single grain weight and other fruit physical and chemical indicators, soluble solid content and other fruit physical and chemical indicators of 3 tested grape varieties were determined. The results showed that Yongyou No.1 was a late-maturing variety and Xinyu was a mid-maturing variety. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves of Xinyu were significantly higher than those of the control group. It could produce and accumulate more carbohydrates within a unit of time, which was beneficial to fruit growth. The fruit of Xinyu had a relatively heavy individual weight, high hardness, large longitudinal and transverse diameters, and showed good fruit characteristics. Among the 3 tested varieties, the contents of soluble solids, reducing sugar and ascorbic acid in the fruits of Xinyu were all relatively high, which were 20.17%, 194.74 g/L and 5.47 mg/100 g respectively. The titratable acid content of Xinyu fruits was relatively low, and the solid-acid ratio of the fruits was higher than that of Yongyou No.1 and Sunshine Muscat, which was 77.58. The fruit maturity, sweetness and taste flavor were good. In conclusion, both the Yongyou No.1 and Xinyu grape varieties were able to ripen normally in the study area, and their overall fruit traits were good. Among them, the overall performance of Xinyu is rather prominent,and it has a promising prospect for promotion and application in production.

To screen high quality and distinctive flue-cured tobacco varieties to meet the diverse raw material demands of the cigarette industry, this study conducted comparative experiments of different varieties in the eastern (Qingdao City) and central (Jinan City) tobacco-growing regions of Shandong Province in 2022. In the eastern tobacco-growing area, 6 tobacco varieties including Zhongchuan 208 were taken as the test materials, while in the central tobacco-growing area, 8 tobacco varieties including Yunyan 301 were taken as the test materials. The growth period, agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation in leaves and other indicators of each variety were determined. The results showed that, in terms of the growth and development status of tobacco plants, disease resistance and economic traits of tobacco leaves, in the eastern tobacco-growing area, the tobacco plants of Zhongyantexiang 301 and Yunyan 301 had vigorous growth, large dry matter accumulation, strong disease resistance and good economic traits. The performance of Zhongyan 101, NC55 and Zhongyan 100 was relatively poor. In the central tobacco-growing area, the performance of Zhongyantexiang 301 and Yunyan 301 was relatively good, while the performance of NC55 and CF233 was not satisfactory. In terms of tobacco leaf quality, in the eastern tobacco-growing areas, NC55 and Yunyan 301 had good chemical composition harmony, and had relatively high sensory evaluation scores. The tobacco leaves of Zhongyan 101 and Zhongyan 100 were of poor quality. In the central tobacco-growing area, the tobacco leaves of Yunyan 301 and NC55 were of better quality, while those of Zhongchuan 208, Zhongyantexiang 301, CF233 and Gaozhetangzhi K326 were of poorer quality. Based on the actual production situation in the tobacco-growing areas, the main promoted varieties in the eastern tobacco-growing area are Zhongyanyantexiang 301 and Yunyan 301, with NC55 as the reserve variety. For the central tobacco-growing area, it is recommended to take NC55 and Yunyan 301 as the main promoted varieties, with Zhongyantexiang 301 as the backup variety.

To screen the rice varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Shouxian area, Anhui Province, this paper conducted a field planting comparison experiment on 5 one-season medium indica rice varieties, namely Xiangliangyou 676, Liangyouxiangsizhan, Liangyou 2118, Quanliangyou 2118 (CK₁), and Xiliangyouyuhesimiao, as well as 3 upland rice varieties, namely Hanyou 73 (CK₂), Hanyou 78, and Lyuhan 639. Field observations were made to record the growth period, plant height, agronomic traits, yield and their constituent factors of each variety.The results showed that the growth period of Liangyou 2118 was moderate, which was 155 days. It had a large number of effective panicles, a high 1 000-grain weight and a relatively high actual yield, which was 4.44% higher than that of CK₁. The Liangyouxiangsizhan had the highest plant height and the longest panicle length, which were 137.83 cm and 26.12 cm respectively. The 1 000-grain weight and theoretical yield of CK₁ were the highest, and the number of grains per panicle was the largest, which were 26.92 g, 9.72 t/hm², and 137.73 grains respectively. The plant height of Hanyou 78 was the highest, the panicle length was the longest, and the number of grains per panicle was the highest, which were 156.67 cm, 28.21 cm, and 225.50 grains respectively. It had a relatively high seed setting rate and good resistance to lodging and drought. Lyuhan 639 had a large number of effective panicules, with the highest theoretical and actual yields. The actual yield was 8.63 t/hm², which was 2.86% higher than that of CK₂. In conclusion, the overall performance of Liangyou 2118 was relatively good and it could be promoted and applied as a high yield breakthrough variety. It is suggested to strengthen the experimental demonstration of Hanyou 78. Lyuhan 639 can be widely promoted and planted as water-saving, drought-resistant and high-quality rice in the research area.

Based on celery cultivation practices in the Hanzhong region of Shaanxi Province, the high yield and high quality cultivation techniques were summarized. For variety selection, resilient and high quality varieties such as Qixinhuangxinshiqin were recommended. Refined seedling management techniques, including hot water seed soaking and germination, scientific preparation of seedling bed soil, and precise control of temperature, light, water, and fertilizer were adopted to cultivate robust and disease free seedlings. Depending on the season, appropriate transplanting times and rational planting densities were determined: 22 000-45 000 plants/667 m² for open-field celery, and 8 000-13 000 plants/667 m² for Western celery. Field management requires coordinated control of temperature, light, water, and fertilizer. Temperature was regulated according to different growth stages, with measures such as covering sheds and ventilating to maintain suitable conditions. Soil moisture was kept consistent, with irrigation frequency adjusted by season and growth stage, and watering halted before harvest. After planting, apply urea and phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer, and other micronutrients during the mid to late growth stages. Light was managed through shading and film removal, and timely shallow tillage and weeding are conducted to comprehensively promote robust celery growth. In terms of pest and disease control, physical and biological measures such as insect-proof nets, insect traps, and sex pheromones serve as the foundation, supplemented by timely spraying of agents like matrine and chlorothalonil to manage major diseases and pests, including leaf blight and powdery mildew. Celery was harvested when plant height reaches 30 cm, based on variety characteristics and market demand. After harvest, plant residues were promptly cleared, and closed fumigation was applied to eliminate remaining pests and pathogens. This study provides a reference for standardizing the entire management process of celery production from pre- to post-harvest.

This paper summarized the current research status and key focus areas of biogas slurry resource utilization and proposed targeted countermeasures on this basis. Biogas slurry can be used as fertilizer, seed soaking solution, culture medium, and breeding feed to improve the yield and quality of crops, livestock, and fish. However, there remain several aspects to be improved in the current resource utilization of biogas slurry: the technologies and economic feasibility associated with its high-efficiency treatment and high-value-added utilization are not yet mature; its composition and output are greatly affected by the supply and type of raw materials, and there exist temporal and spatial differences between its continuous production and agricultural demand; biogas slurry may contain heavy metal contamination such as copper, zinc and iron; and insufficient market demand is caused by its low nutrient content and inconvenience in application. To solve the above problems, this paper proposed the following strategies: adopting physical, chemical, and other technical means, establishing monitoring systems, and optimizing resource allocation to improve the quality of biogas slurry; exploring new applications of biogas slurry in crop cultivation, forestry, aquaculture, and other fields to expand its application scope; prioritizing the selection of raw materials with low heavy metal content and strictly controlling the application rate of biogas slurry to strengthen basic detection; strengthening the promotion and support for projects of biogas slurry resource utilization technology, as well as organizing training courses and on-site observation meetings to strengthen support, publicity, and guidance, and this paper ultimately provides a reference for the efficient utilization of biogas slurry.